The Limits of Hofstede’s National Culture Model in Explaining Corruption: The Case of Japan
The Limits of Hofstede’s National Culture Model in Explaining Corruption: The Case of Japan

Summary/Abstract: This study critically examines the analytical limits of Geert Hofstede’s National Culture Model in explaining corruption, using Japan as a case study. Although Hofstede’s model is widely employed in cross-national research to analyse the culture–corruption relationship through measurable cultural dimensions, it conceptualises culture as relatively static, homogeneous, and detached from historical and institutional contexts. This study argues that such an approach is insufficient to explain corruption outcomes, particularly in non-Western societies. Japan constitutes a critical counter-case in this regard: despite exhibiting cultural characteristics commonly associated with higher corruption risk—such as relatively high levels of power distance, masculinity—it consistently ranks among countries with low perceived corruption in international indices. Based on a qualitative and conceptual analysis of existing literature, the study re-evaluates Hofstede’s cultural dimensions in relation to Japan’s historical bureaucratic development, ethical value system, and administrative practices. The findings highlight the need to integrate cultural explanations with historical and institutional dynamics.

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