Open and Collaborative Innovation in SMEs: A Systematic Literature Review
Open and Collaborative Innovation in SMEs: A Systematic Literature Review

Summary/Abstract: This study synthesizes the academic knowledge published in recent years of open and collaborative innovation in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) through a systematic literature review, with the aim of identifying the main thematic clusters, theoretical contributions and opportunities for future research. A structured search was conducted in the SCOPUS database, focusing on open access journal articles published between 2021 and 2025. Following the Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, 185 articles were initially identified, 174 of which were included in the review. Descriptive analysis and thematic coding were applied to identify methodological models, conceptual frameworks, and new research clusters. The results show five major themes: the drivers and facilitators of open innovation; structural and behavioral barriers; collaborative strategies involving clients, universities and intermediaries; innovation results; and digital infrastructures that facilitate open innovation. Most studies use quantitative methodologies, especially PLS ‑ SEM, and the theoretical approach is varied, based primarily on the Resource Based Approach, the Theory of Dynamic Capabilities, and the Theory of Social Capital. Despite the growth in publications, literature is divided and there is a lack of integrative models specifically adapted to the context of SMEs. This review is limited by the fact that it is based on articles indexed in SCOPUS and open access; future studies may extend database coverage and adopt longitudinal or comparative views. The findings provide practical insights for SME managers who wish to leverage external partnerships and policy makers who want to strengthen innovation ecosystems through direct support. By unifying the body of scattered knowledge, this review contributes to theoretical integration and proposes a research agenda for the study of collaborative innovation in SMEs.

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