Comparative Larvicidal Efficacy, GC–MS Characterisation, and Integrated Interpretation of Emericella Nidulans Metabolites Against Anopheles Mosquito Larvae
Comparative Larvicidal Efficacy, GC–MS Characterisation, and Integrated Interpretation of Emericella Nidulans Metabolites Against Anopheles Mosquito Larvae

Summary/Abstract: Comparative larvicidal efficacy of chloroform-extracted metabolites of Emericella nidulans with those of conventional chemical larvicides, as well as gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) characterisation of bioactive compounds of E. nidulans, is presented in this work. The chloroform extract showed higher larvicidal activity than the diethyl ether and ethyl acetate extracts, with a 72-hour LC₅₀ of 312 µg/ml, comparable to temephos (LC₅₀ = 287 µg/ml). GC-MS was used to identify 14 secondary metabolites, including phenols, esters, hydrocarbons, and fatty acid derivatives, known for their insecticidal properties. The integrated discussion provides a link among the results obtained using morphological, molecular, and biochemical techniques, confirming E. nidulans as an eco-friendly alternative to chemical larvicides. These results highlight the potential utility of fungal metabolites as sustainable tools in integrated mosquito vector management programmes, especially in malaria-endemic areas where the use of conventional insecticides is hampered by increasing resistance.

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