Between Legal Formalism and Wartime Pragmatism: Recognition and the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations between the Republic of Finland and the Independent State of Croatia (1941–1942)
Between Legal Formalism and Wartime Pragmatism: Recognition and the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations between the Republic of Finland and the Independent State of Croatia (1941–1942)

Summary/Abstract: This paper examines Finland’s de jure recognition of the Independent State of Croatia (NDH) and the establishment of diplomatic relations during 1941– 1942, analysing the interplay between international legal norms and pragmatic wartime interests. Based on archival materials and other relevant sources, it has been determined that Helsinki, despite formally adhering to the Montevideo Convention criteria, primarily sought to strengthen the anti-Soviet coalition under German dominance. Diplomatic practices highlighted the symbolic significance of recognition for the NDH, while practical cooperation remained limited by logistical and personnel difficulties of the Croatian diplomatic mission. The findings confirm that Finland’s decision was conditioned by a combination of legal formalism and wartime pragmatism, where each new diplomatic recognition represented an important step toward international legitimacy for the NDH.

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