THE FORTIFICATIONS OF GRAND DUKE VYTAUTAS IN THE NORTHERN BLACK SEA REGION – THE RESULTS OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS
THE FORTIFICATIONS OF GRAND DUKE VYTAUTAS IN THE NORTHERN BLACK SEA REGION – THE RESULTS OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS

Summary/Abstract: This article presents archaeological research into the line of fortifications erected in the northern Black Sea region during the time of Vytautas, Grand Duke of Lithuania. A comparative analysis of the planning structure and design features of several fortresses from the late 14th–15th centuries is presented, featuring stone tower-type castles characteristic of the early stages of artillery development. The distinctive traits of each fortress, as well as their common features, are also identified.

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