Graffiti na zabytkach w Polsce i Hiszpanii - analiza porównawcza karnej ochrony dziedzictwa kulturowego
Graffiti on monuments in Poland and Spain - a comparative analysis of criminal protection of cultural heritage

Summary/Abstract: The article analyzes the issues of the destruction and damage of monuments through graffiti in the context of Polish and Spanish criminal law. It presents a comparison of Article 108 of the Polish Monuments Protection and Care Act with Article 323 of the Spanish Código Penal. The analysis focuses on the differences in the protection of cultural heritage and on criminal liability for vandalism, including the damage and destruction of monuments. It also highlights how legal regulations define forms of harm, including permanent defacement (so‑called "blurring") and interference with the physical and aesthetic integrity of protected objects.

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