ENDURANCE TRAINING AS A MODULATOR OF EYE HEALTH: INSIGHTS FROM EXPERIMENTAL AND CLINICAL STUDIES
ENDURANCE TRAINING AS A MODULATOR OF EYE HEALTH: INSIGHTS FROM EXPERIMENTAL AND CLINICAL STUDIES

Summary/Abstract: Background: Endurance training, defined as sustained aerobic physical activity such as running, cycling, or swimming, is well established for its cardiovascular, metabolic, and neuroprotective benefits. Emerging evidence suggests that these systemic physiological adaptations may also extend to the ocular system. However, the influence of endurance exercise on ocular physiology and the development or progression of eye diseases remains insufficiently characterized. Given the increasing global burden of age and metabolism-related ocular conditions, identifying modifiable lifestyle factors, such as exercise, is of growing clinical relevance. Aim of the study: To systematically review and synthesize current evidence regarding the influence of endurance training on ocular physiology and the development or progression of common eye diseases. Material and Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. Clinical and preclinical studies were selected if they evaluated the effects of aerobic exercise on ocular parameters, including intraocular pressure, retinal blood flow, tear film stability, and disease outcomes such as diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, cataracts, and age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Results: Endurance training led to measurable improvements in ocular physiology, including a 15-20% increase in tear secretion, a 2-5 mmHg reduction in intraocular pressure, and up to a 140% increase in retinal blood flow. Regular exercise also upregulated antioxidant enzymes and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), while reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines. Epidemiological and clinical studies found reduced risk or progression of major eye diseases, with a 30-40% lower prevalence of dry eye disease, up to 50% lower cataract incidence, 10-15% slower myopia progression, reduced risk of glaucoma and AMD, and improved glycemic and retinal outcomes in diabetic retinopathy. Conclusions: Endurance training has a multifaceted impact on ocular health, offering potential protective effects against several age-related and metabolic eye conditions. Further longitudinal and mechanistic studies are needed to define safe and effective exercise parameters for promoting ocular health.

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