HUMAN RIGHTS AND INFORMATION WARFARE: PROTECTING CIVILIANS IN DIGITAL CONFLICTS
HUMAN RIGHTS AND INFORMATION WARFARE: PROTECTING CIVILIANS IN DIGITAL CONFLICTS

Summary/Abstract: The expansion of armed conflicts into the digital realm has brought to the forefront the concept of information warfare, characterized by the manipulation of public opinion, systematic disinformation, and cyberattacks against critical infrastructures. This new type of conflict directly affects fundamental human rights, particularly freedom of expression, the right to information, privacy, and the right to security. A legal analysis highlights the challenges of applying traditional rules of international humanitarian law and international human rights law in cyberspace, especially due to difficulties in attributing cyber operations and the involvement of non-state and corporate actors. Established principles-distinction, proportionality, and the protection of civilians-remain relevant but require reinterpretation in light of new technological realities. The paper underlines the importance of strengthening the international legal framework through specific instruments addressing cyberspace, as well as holding private corporations that control global information flows accountable. Moreover, civilian protection in digital conflicts must encompass cybersecurity mechanisms, media literacy, and international cooperation. The conclusion is that information warfare is not only a military challenge but also, and primarily, a human rights issue that requires a rethinking of civilian protection in the twenty-first century.

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