„Ozvěnové“ anglicismy v češtině
“Echoic” Anglicisms in Czech

Summary/Abstract: The aim of the article is to broaden the understanding of what counts as (lexical) Anglicisms. It starts by reviewing and modifying their standard classification, replacing the single-stratum concept of English borrowings including direct (material) loans and indirect (translation) loans by a two-layer taxonomy. The first layer consists of primary Anglicisms, both direct and indirect, with immediate origin in English. The second layer comprises secondary Anglicisms: neologisms formed from primary Anglicisms by recipient-language speakers. These are “second-hand” or “false” Anglicisms. Direct and indirect and primary and secondary Anglicisms are interconnected by hybrid formations. Inclusion of indirect loans among Anglicisms, displacing Görlach’s notion of an Anglicism being “recognizably English in form”, means that some Anglicisms, especially indirect ones (calques and semantic loans), are not recognizable as such and so are “invisible”. Invisibility provides another perspective on Anglicisms. It is not, however, a binary category (direct versus indirect loans). Instead, due to hybridity and graded loanword adaptation it is a cline starting with unmistakeably English words and ending in totally invisible “echoic” Anglicisms: Czech words whose recent increased frequency and spread of use are assumed to echo the influence and popularity of their same-sense English equivalents.

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