Radicalism versus extremism: provocări şi mecanisme de rezilienţă democratică în context european şi american
Radicalism versus Extremism: Challenges and Mechanisms of Democratic Resilience in European and American Contexts

Summary/Abstract: The article analyzes the essential distinction between radicalism and extremism, highlighting its conceptual and practical implications for contemporary democracies. Radicalism is presented as an integrable form of opposition, capable of fostering adaptation and democratic progress, whereas extremism is defined by absolute antagonism, intolerance, and rejection of democratic order. The study compares European traditions, especially German, with the American experience of the radical right, highlighting effects on national identity and social cohesion. Institutional, cultural, and educational mechanisms of democratic resilience are explored. The analysis emphasizes the role of civic education, participation, and political culture in preventing the spread of extremism. Historical and contemporary examples illustrate the fragile boundary between legitimate critique and destructive antagonism. The article proposes clear criteria for public policies and security strategies. Findings underscore the importance of conceptual distinction for protecting the rule of law. In conclusion, integrating constructive radicalism and isolating extremism remain essential for the survival of democracies. The study serves as a guide for researchers, practitioners, and policymakers in managing political opposition and anti democratic threats.

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