УДЗЕЛ ГРАМАДЗЯН ВЯЛІКАГА КНЯСТВА ЛІТОЎСКАГА Ў ВАЕННЫХ КАМПАНІЯХ РЭЧЫ ПАСПАЛІТАЙ НА ТЭРЫТОРЫІ МАСКОЎСКАЙ ДЗЯРЖАВЫ 1609–1613 ГГ.
Participation of Citizens of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in Military Campaigns of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth on the Territory of the Moscow State in 1609–1613

Summary/Abstract: The main objective of the article is to establish the participation of citizens of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania during the period of the greatest success of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the military campaigns against the Muscovite State in 1609–1613 (the capture of Smolensk, the Battle of Klushino, the holding of Moscow by a garrison of soldiers from the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth 1610–1612) and their consequences for the GDL society. Based on the analysis of sources, the conclusion was drawn about the uneven participation of captains and individual soldiers of the “Lithuanian and Ruthenian people” of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Polish Crown in all these campaigns. Since in November 1609 the main army of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was fighting a war with the Swedes over Inflanty, only the private companies of Sapiecha, Wołłowicz, Wiesiołowski and Gąsewski led the king to Smolensk, therefore initially, at Kłuszyno and in the Moscow garrison, most of the field armies of the Commonwealth consisted of people of Polish and Ruthenian origin from the Crown of Poland. The situation changed after November 1610, when first S. Żółkiewski left Moscow, and at the end, in spring 1613, when Z. Silnicki left Smolensk. The authority and responsibility for saving the garrison in the Kremlin and Smolensk and securing the war against the general Muscovite movements fell on the shoulders of the representatives of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (A. Gąsewski, J.P. Sapieha, J.K. Chodkiewicz, J. Budziłło, E. Strawiński, A. Lisowski). Since the society of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania suffered greatly from the invasions of the enemy, both the Crown and its own soldiers, confederates and bands of rioters, without waiting for the decision of the general Sejm, in 1613–1614 it introduced and collected extremely high taxes on its territories, paying the enormous bills of its own army, organized itself at the district level and began to effectively repel the invaders on its own.

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