Aristotle, Benjamin Constant, and Bulgarian Democracy: A Philosophical Assessment of Bulgaria’s Democratic Trajectory, 1989 – 2021
Aristotle, Benjamin Constant, and Bulgarian Democracy: A Philosophical Assessment of Bulgaria’s Democratic Trajectory, 1989 – 2021

Summary/Abstract: This article examines the democratic development of Bulgaria during the period 1989 – 2021 through the lens of political philosophy, focusing on the ideas of Aristotle and Benjamin Constant. Applying Aristotle’s principles of virtuous political regimes and the importance of a strong middle class, the analysis identifies three major challenges within this historical timeframe: the lack of an enlightened understanding of political rights, the absence of a robust middle class, and an oligarchic model of governance that tends to serve narrow interests rather than the common good. Drawing on Constant’s call for moral and civic education to increase political participation, the article argues that non-governmental organizations providing informal education play a crucial role in cultivating competent, virtuous citizens capable of addressing these issues. It concludes that the widespread development of civic competencies, driven by NGO-led informal education, is essential for strengthening Bulgarian democracy by expanding the middle class, promoting media literacy, and fostering an informed understanding of positive liberty and political rights.

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