20. VE 21. YÜZYIL KALİGRAFİSİNDE TEKNOLOJİK VE ESTETİK DÖNÜŞÜM: GİLL, ZAPF VE JACKSON'IN DİSİPLİNLERARASI KARŞILAŞTIRMASI
TECHNOLOGICAL AND AESTHETIC TRANSFORMATION IN 20TH AND 21ST CENTURY CALLIGRAPHY: AN INTERDISCIPLINARY COMPARISON OF GILL, ZAPF, AND JACKSON

Summary/Abstract: This study compares and analyzes the aesthetic paradigms of Eric Gill, Hermann Zapf, and Donald Jackson, who redefined the form-content dialectic in 20th and 21st century calligraphy practice, from an interdisciplinary perspective. Gill's typographic humanism, Zapf's formal poetics reconciled with technological progress, and Jackson's experimental manifesto based on contemporary interpretations of sacred texts are examined using qualitative research methods and formal-contextual analysis techniques. The research reveals that calligraphy has transcended the traditional boundaries of “beautiful writing” to become a performative medium for the visual epistemology of collective memory and aesthetic ontology. The paradigmatic interventions of the Gill-Zapf-Jackson triad have played a critical role in calligraphy's transformation from formal determinism to the performative reconstruction of cultural memory. The final section of the study examines the methodological contributions of these universal principles to the development of Latin-based calligraphy and typography education in Turkey. Particularly in the period after 1928, the synthesis of Western calligraphy techniques and local design needs is examined in the context of digital transformation and cultural sustainability, and contemporary applications are evaluated in light of UNESCO's “living heritage” criteria.

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