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Introduction

Summary/Abstract: The nineteenth century has been called by some historians “the age of ideologies,” not because the term was frequently used at the time, but because the intellectual discourse of that era differs from that of previous centuries through characteristics that can be considered ideological. The Encyclopaedia Britannica explains that, in general, an ideology “(1) contains a more or less comprehensive explanatory theory about human experience and the external world; (2) sets out a program, in general and abstract terms, for social and political organization; (3) conceives the realization of this program in terms of a struggle; (4) seeks not only to persuade but also to recruit loyal supporters, demanding their commitment; (5) addresses a broad public, but often tends to assign a leading role to intellectuals.”

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