3D-ТЕХНОЛОГІЇ В НУМІЗМАТИЧНИХ ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯХ: УПРОВАДЖЕННЯ, КЛАСИФІКАЦІЯ ТА МЕТОДОЛОГІЧНІ ОБМЕЖЕННЯ
3D TECHNOLOGIES IN NUMISMATIC RESEARCH: IMPLEMENTATION, CLASSIFICATION, AND METHODOLOGICAL LIMITATIONS

Summary/Abstract: The aim of this article is to provide a systematic analysis of the evolution of the use of three-dimensional technologies in numismatic research from the beginning of their active application in the study of coins and other numismatic objects. The study also seeks to reconstruct the key stages in the implementation of 3D methods and to develop a classification of the main technological approaches to three-dimensional documentation and analysis of coins, taking into account their methodological capabilities, limitations, and fields of scholarly application. Within this research, 3D technologies are considered not merely as technical tools for visualization, but as instruments for the formation of new types of scientific sources, which necessitates a combination of chronological and typological approaches to their analysis. Theoretical and Methodological Framework. The theoretical foundation of the study is an interdisciplinary approach that integrates concepts from modern numismatics, digital archaeology, and the digital humanities, within which three-dimensional technologies are viewed as tools for generating new types of scientific data. A key premise of the research is the understanding of a 3D model of a coin as a scientific representation of a material object, produced through a series of technical and methodological decisions and therefore requiring source-critical evaluation. Methodologically, the study is based on the integration of technological and functional analysis of 3D approaches, which involves their classification according to the method of model creation, the type of data obtained, scientific functions, and areas of application in numismatics. Particular attention is paid to issues of accuracy, repeatability, and interpretation of three-dimensional data, given the complexity of digital workflows and the sensitivity of numismatic objects to even minor distortions. Scientific Novelty. The scientific novelty of the study lies in a comprehensive conceptualization of three-dimensional technologies as a full-fledged methodological toolkit in contemporary numismatics. The article proposes a generalized classification of threedimensional technologies and approaches that are applied or may be applied in numismatic research, with explicit consideration of their methodological limitations. The necessity of assessing accuracy, repeatability, and error propagation in three-dimensional digitization is substantiated as a prerequisite for ensuring the scientific validity of research results. The study outlines the transformation of the role of 3D technologies in numismatics—from experimental documentation methods to analytical instruments—thus creating a foundation for further standardization and interdisciplinary integration of 3D data in numismatic research. Main Results of the Study. The study demonstrates that three-dimensional technologies in numismatic research have evolved from experimental forms of digital recording into a comprehensive analytical toolkit capable of producing new types of scientific data. Key stages in the adoption of 3D approaches in international research are analyzed, and the transformation of the functional status of three-dimensional models—from auxiliary visualization tools to sources for die studies and quantitative analysis—is highlighted. It is established that the specific characteristics of numismatic objects (small size, micro-relief, metallic surface) impose particular technical and methodological requirements on the application of three-dimensional technologies. Based on a synthesis of interdisciplinary scholarly approaches, a general classification of three-dimensional technologies and methods applicable to numismatic research is developed, taking into account the type of data produced, scientific functions, and methodological constraints. The necessity of a critical approach to 3D models as scientific sources is substantiated, particularly through the evaluation of accuracy, repeatability, and errors in digital reconstruction. It is shown that, for the Ukrainian numismatic research environment, experimental testing of three-dimensional technologies represents an important step in the transition from descriptive practices to analytical research. Practical Significance. The results of the study can be applied in practical numismatic research when selecting and justifying the use of three-dimensional technologies depending on specific research objectives, the type of numismatic object, and the expected outcomes. The proposed classification of 3D technologies and approaches serves as a methodological guide for researchers, enabling a correct correlation between the technical capabilities of three-dimensional digitization and the scientific goals of the resulting data, while also accounting for methodological limitations related to accuracy, repeatability, and interpretation of 3D models. The conclusions of the study may also be used in the development of guidelines for the creation and use of three-dimensional models as digital scientific sources, as well as in educational programs in digital numismatics.

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