Państwa Unii Europejskiej wobec konfliktu izraelsko‑palestyńskiego w latach 2023‑2025
European Union Member States’ Position on the 2023‑2025 Israeli‑Palestinian Conflict

Summary/Abstract: This article examines the evolution of the positions of European Union member states towards the war in the Gaza Strip, which began after the Hamas attack on Israel on 7 X 2023. The paper aims to verify the hypothesis that the prolonged conflict led to a systematic erosion of support for Israel in favor of growing political support for Palestine. The initial, unanimous EU response, based on condemning terrorism and recognizing Israel’s right to self‑defense, quickly fragmented.The analysis, based on UN voting records, political decisions, and government documents, confirms that these diverse responses of member states were shaped by their own deep‑rooted circumstances, such as historical relations with the Middle East region, differing moral obligations, and the specifics of internal political and social debates. The article traces key moments that deepened these divisions: from discrepancies in votes on UN resolutions calling for a ceasefire, to the landmark decision by Spain, Ireland, Slovenia, and later France to recognize the State of Palestine. These actions, along with the introduction of sanctions on Israeli settlers and restrictions on arms exports, confirm the initial hypothesis and indicate a fundamental reorientation in the positions of many EU countries.

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