Długofalowe uwarunkowania wykluczenia cyfrowego w Polsce. Analiza danych panelowych 2003–2023
Long-Term Determinants of Digital Divide in Poland: An Analysis of Panel Data from 2003 to 2023

Summary/Abstract: Research on digital divide has primarily focused on socio-demographic and economic factors. We address this gap by also considering cultural, social, and personal variables. In our analysis, we use data from five waves of the Polish Panel Survey POLPAN (2003, 2008, 2013, 2018, 2023). The results indicate that older people, living in rural areas or small towns, with low occupational qualifications, unemployed, perceiving their social status as low and spending less on culture, are less likely to use the Internet. At the same time, no significant dependence was found for the variables such as gender, religious affiliation, or participation in the last parliamentary elections. We identified 105 individ- uals who did not use the Internet throughout the entire study period, which indicates the permanent and structural nature of the digital divide.

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