Формальные институты зависимости в системе эксплуатации труда в России 1930–1980-х гг.
Formal Institutions of Dependence in the System of Labor Exploitation in Russia in the 1930s and 1980s

Summary/Abstract: The article analyzes the dynamics of the main formal norms and rules (institutions) in the sphere of labor dependence of the Russian population in the 1930–1980s. The main attention of the authors is focused on the work of the key institutions in the production system of the country — attraction to labor and remuneration. In particular, the institutional mechanisms of organizational recruitment, distribution of specialists, registration, labor mobilization, regulation of work on collective farms, forced labor and free hiring are considered; with regard to remuneration, the authors focused on the workday system, tariff, piecework and time-based remuneration systems. Among the dynamics of sanction measures of responsibility, the system of dismissals, measures of judicial, criminal and administrative liability are analyzed. The article describes not only the methods and mechanisms of work of institutions of dependence in the field of labor exploitation, but also the system of organizations that were in charge of the labor sphere. Legislative and regulatory acts on these issues, statistical and analytical data, including from the central archives of Russia (funds of the People’s Commissariat of Labor of the USSR, the Committee for Accounting and Distribution of Labor under the Council of People’s Commissars of the USSR, the State Committee for Labor of the USSR, the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks) were used as research sources, etc.), showing the scale of work of these institutions. The authors come to the conclusion that there were four stages in the evolution of labor exploitation institutions, when restrictive mechanisms successively changed (late 1920s — second half of the 1930s, and then mid-1940s — mid-1950s), imperative (late 1930s — the first half of the 1940s), and close to the classical system of market labor recruitment (second half of the 1950s — 1980s).

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