Spatial distribution and typology of public transport electric traction networks in Central Europe
Spatial distribution and typology of public transport electric traction networks in Central Europe

Summary/Abstract: This study presents a consistent and transferable methodology for identifying and analyzing continuous urban electric traction networks—specifically trams, trolleybuses, and metro systems—in Central European cities. Using data from OpenStreetMap, enriched with official transport sources and field verification, we defined 113 integrated networks across Czechia, Hungary, Germany, Poland, Austria, Slovakia, and Switzerland. Key absolute and relative indicators—such as total network length and composite density—were calculated for each system, and linked to standardized statistical units (LAU, NUTS). At least minimal electric public transport infrastructure was identified in 366 municipalities. The study examines spatial patterns in network distribution and tests several hypotheses, including whether capital cities with metro systems also host the most extensive tram and trolleybus networks, and how urbanization levels affect network density. The findings confirm that larger and more urbanized cities tend to support more complex and denser electric transport systems, but also reveal exceptions influenced by historical and spatial factors. The analysis demonstrates that using only urbanized areas yields more meaningful comparisons than relying on entire administrative boundaries. A seven-category typology was developed to enable comparative assessment of network significance and urban transport potential across the region. The results offer a robust database for further spatial and transport analyses and highlight the value of network density as an indicator of public transport quality. This approach can be applied in other regions worldwide, supporting sustainable mobility research and planning.

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