Въведение във философията на Карл Ясперс: „Феноменологичен“ анализ на екзистенциално-метафизичните понятия „Разум“, „Existenz“ и „Всеобхватно“
Introduction to the Philosophy of Karl Jaspers: A “Phenomenological” Analysis of the Existential-Metaphysical Notions of Reason, Existenz and All-Encompassing

Summary/Abstract: Karl Jaspers is one of the greatest German thinkers of the 20th century. Jaspers and Martin Heidegger are notably known as the two fathers of German existentialism. There is not a single basic topic of philosophy as philosophia perennis that was not a subject of Jaspers’ titanic scholarly endeavors. Unfortunately, in Bulgaria even today Jaspers remains completely unknown and his name is forgotten. Jaspers as a psychiatrist, as well as an existentialist, was a subject of research of two Bulgarian professors in psychiatry – Prof. L. Ivanova and Prof. V. Ivanov. Six books by Jaspers are currently translated into Bulgarian, but to date his two major philosophical oeuvres – “Philosophie” (1932) and “Von der Vahrheit” (1947) – which contain the very essence of Jaspersian philosophy, remain untranslated. To my knowledge, there are no substantial academic publications on Jaspers in Bulgarian. There are not many authors discussing Jaspers’ philosophy in both English and German literature. Jaspersian existential philosophy, or Existenzphilosophie (Exsistenz as the metaphysical “soul”), underwent two metamorphoses, namely: 1) the philosophy of the Encompassing and 2) the philosophy of Reason, respectively; their base, however, is one and the same – the dynamic of the life of Existenz, which is kept in incessant spiral dialectical motion by Reason via the following “means”: expression of the inexpressible, translation of the untranslatable, manifestation of the unmanifestable, and conceiving of the inconceivable, respectively. Each of these paradoxical word combinations is identical and Jaspers has a special term for them, namely “existential” or “metaphysical.” Man is able, based on the basic philosophical operation of “transcending,” by solely standing on the limit of the possible, to ascertain himself of the existential, but he could never cognize it as an object in the world. In the current paper, my goal is to present an introduction to Jaspersian philosophy, summarized and accessible to the Bulgarian reader. To this end, a selection of three basic concepts that structurally and functionally represent this philosophy was performed, namely: “Reason”, “Existenz,” and “Encompassing/Transcendence.“

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