Немецкие интеллектуалы против нацизма. Граф Гельмут Джеймс фон Мольтке и «Кружок Крейзау»
German intellectuals against Nazism. Count Helmuth James von Moltke and the “Kreisau Circle”

Summary/Abstract: The views of the internal German intellectual opposition to National Socialism have not been sufficiently studied in Russian historiography. There is an opinion that the majority of the German intelligentsia supported Hitler, and those who were against emigrated or, remaining in the country, were forced to submit to the Nazi dictatorship. This creates the false impression that the Nazi dictatorship served the German people: 95 % of Germans, including the intellectual elite, personally benefited from the Hitler regime. The West German historian Götz Aly called this phenomenon a “servile dictatorship”. However, 5 % — a minority suppressed by the Nazis — were in opposition to the Nazi regime and resisted it. One of the centers of intellectual resistance within the Reich was the “Kreisau Circle”, about whose leader, Count Helmuth James von Moltke, his associates, and the program of this group opposed to Nazism, the article tells. The source basis of the article is the documents of the “Kreisau Circle”, considered on the basis of the principle of historicism and traditional methods of historical research. For the first time in Russian historiography, a new historical source is published in Russian: “A short version of the memorandum on the foundations of the political theory of Count Helmuth James von Moltke as a basis for discussions in Kreisau, 1940/41”.

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