Inter-Party Divisions and the Effectiveness of Political Parties’ Appeals in Nationwide Referendums in Poland between 1996 and 2023
Inter-Party Divisions and the Effectiveness of Political Parties’ Appeals in Nationwide Referendums in Poland between 1996 and 2023

Summary/Abstract: This paper, based on a quantitative and qualitative approach, examines and compares the attitudes of political parties and their electorates in six national referendums held in Poland in the years 1996–2023. Multidimensional models of inter-party divisions with regard to participation in referendums and responses to individual referendumquestions were proposed and applied. Trends in the positions and declarations of individual political parties, as well as declarations made by their voters were analysed. Based on the results of the research, it can be said that political parties do not play a leading role in initiating nationwide referendums. In each referendum, inter-party divisionsfollow different patterns, but there is a correlation between the positions and declarations made by political parties and the voting tendencies of citizens.

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