Weksylia jako narzędzia wojen
Banners as Tools of War

Summary/Abstract: The use of battle signs, especially in the form of banners, flags, pennants and other similar objects in the conduct of warfare has been evident in all armies for centuries. These objects have fulfilled a variety of tasks in the past, both in practical and ideological terms. They made it possible to identify the armies and units that used them, while also indicating their owners and disposers, such as states (or their rulers) or organised communities. They made it easier for combatants to orient themselves on the battlefield, to distinguish and determine the location of their own and enemy troops. With their help, commanders were able to direct the actions of their subordinates, who gathered around their signs. In difficult moments of battle, the presence of the ensign could be an effective support for them, and its loss usually led to defeat. At the same time, battle signs symbolised the honour, bravery and valour of the troops to which they belonged. For this reason, they were held in reverence and respect and defended against loss or destruction. Their presentation and use was ceremonial and often had a religious element. This in turn had a profound effect on the consciousness of the participants in wars, strengthening their will to fight, their courage and self-sacrifice and their willingness to make sacrifices. At the same time, the flags captured from the enemy were a testimony to military successes, which is why they were carefully collected and displayed. The areas of practical use and ideological significance of flags in the military sphere, which are summarised and discussed in the article, are illustrated with examples based on primary sources, taken mainly from the field of Polish military history.

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