Przemoc i okrucieństwa wojny w średniowieczu Wojna Dwóch Róż jako przykład zaniku etosu rycerskiego
The Violence and Atrocities of War in the Middle Ages. The Wars of the Roses as an Example of the Disappearance of the Chivalric Ethos

Summary/Abstract: The 15th century was a period during which knightly culture as a whole, and not just in England, faced a series of challenges and changes. Chivalry remained a popular benchmark for behavior and a cultural model of masculinity and nobility. These assumptions, however, were often undermined by increasingly brutal battlefield experiences that, along with changes in warring practices, revolutionized the way warfare was conducted. The article focuses on the aspect of violence during warfare and presents a specific erosion of the chivalric ethos, using the Wars of the Roses as an example. The evidence presented in this paper indicates that this experience of carnage led to a surge in violence throughout England during this period, including unchivalrous behavior. Moreover, the relationship between warfare and knightly culture has been thoroughly documented among others in numerous chronicles.

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