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Miejsca kultu z betonu i szkła. Geneza i przegląd najważniejszych tendencji w nowoczesnej architekturze sakralnej po II wojnie światowej.

Author(s): Anna Wiśnicka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 98/2012

The modern church architecture appeared together with modernist trends, which were initiated by the two artistic groups- de Stijl and Bauhaus. The art of building they created was very different from what was developed by the previous epochs in the history of art. An early example of modernist church architecture was Robert F. Carr Memorial Chapel of Saint Savior designed in 1952 by Mies van der Rohe. Its simple design was the inspiration for many later buildings, such as the Church of Light designed by Tadao Ando in1988, whose striking formal asceticism set a new quality in the church architecture. Apart from the minimalist trends in church buildings, the artists are inspired by sculpture, which is indicated by such works as the Chapel Ronchamp by Le Corbusiera designed in 1954 or Wotrubakirche from 1976. The architecture current based on natural materials is represented by Alvar Aalto’s works –Santa Maria Assunta Church from 1978 and the Church of Christ the Light designed by C.W. Hartman in 2008, whereas Oscar Niemeyer’s Brazilian Cathedral from 1970 is an example of the latest technologies in the buildings of glass. The presented examples of church buildings from the 20th and 21st centuries testify to the great change which took place in the church architecture. These churches show a whole new perspective on the tradition of Christian architecture.

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Chrześcijanie wobec bogactwa w nauczaniu Klemensa Aleksandryjskiego.

Author(s): Piotr Szczur / Language(s): Polish Issue: 98/2012

In this article we present some statements of Clement of Alexandria (c. 150 – c. 212/215), in which he analyses a biblical pericope about the rich man from the Gospel according St. Mark (Mark 10,17-31; see also: Matthew 19,16-22, Luke 18,18-33). In a Clement’s point of view, the evangelical advice to renounce material riches should be interpreted in an allegorical way, because that advice says rather about desire and unstopped attachment to material riches than about money or material worth itself. Everything what happens inside human soul is much more important than outer state of being rich or poor. Saying about real material richness Clement points that such richness is an indispensable tool of making good, while sharing with material goods is a social and religious duty of rich people. Wealthy people should wisely use their richness, according to God’s plan and serving other Christians, while benefi ciaries in return should intercede and pray for the givers to God. Clement’s interpretation of evangelical pericope about the rich man is an important moment in a process of conciliating the economical elite of society with Christian community. It is also an effort to show the rich Christians their role and place in local Church.

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Wierność charyzmatowi a lojalność wobec państwa – posłannictwo salezjańskie pod rządami ks. generała Michele Rua.

Author(s): Stanisław Zimniak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 98/2012

The intervention intends to analyze how the Salesian works have joined fidelity to the Salesian charism with the need to respect the different political frameworks in which they find themselves, documenting how the educational mission has never lacked loyalty towards those States in which they exist or those into which it intended to expand. The historical survey suggested here, is limited to the Old Continent and more precisely to the Central European basin, for various reasons. The issue set is not becoming the subject of a monographic study. Through the analysis of some facts they will try to present the attitude and conduct of the Rector Major of the Salesian Congregation, Fr Michele Rua, and of the Salesians and in this res-pect, focusing attention primarily on external evaluations of their apostolate. This setting attempts to answer basic questions: Can a religious institution, although driven by determination to remain faithful to the charism and despite its declared apolitical attitude, operate without being involved in the political dimension? Doesn’t it seem utopian to think that a religious congregation, all the more so with the size of the Salesians, can avoid being perceived in terms of its political significance?

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Kilka uwag o potrzebie pragmatycznej piśmienności w średniowiecznych klasztorach monastycznych.

Author(s): Jolanta Marszalska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 98/2012

Copying the basic religious texts, apart from reading and meditating theological works, constituted the content of literate culture of the Middle Ages, as in the popular medieval culture there was a deep-rooted belief that writing a code is a good deed that can bring salvation to copyists. Developed in the early Middle Ages, intensive literate culture affected, above all, the sacred and religious sphere. The vital change, commonly known as a great breakthrough in the literate culture of Latin Europe, occurred at the turn of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. Then the pragmatic literacy came into being. Apart from religious literacy, still popular especially in monastic and cathedral scriptoria, practical literacy began to develop, which contributed to the improvement of daily life, mainly, political and economic life in Europe at that time. This process happened in the broad context of important institutional and intellectual transformations occurring in the European society and culture for nearly three centuries.

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Katolickie stowarzyszenia młodzieży w diecezji włocławskiej w latach 1918-1939.

Author(s): Józef Dębiński / Language(s): Polish Issue: 98/2012

After World War I in the Diocese of Kalisz and Kujawy and later (1925) of Włocławek, the Catholic youth was affiliated to the Association of Polish Youth (SMP in Polish) and its activity was based on general secretariats. Anybody between the ages of 14 and 25 could belong to the association. The members wore special uniforms and badges. The main objective of the association was primarily to bring up young people as intelligent and practising Catholics. This objective was achieved by organising conferences, seminars, courses, lectures, retreats, as well as establishing libraries, reading rooms, clubs, visiting museums, exhibitions and participating in concerts and celebrations. General secretaries were successively the following priests W. Zawadzki, A. Radomski and S. Pietruszka. When in 1931 the Catholic Action was created, the Catholic Association of Polish Youth was incorporated into this organization. On 1 August 1934, associations and youth organizations were organized in the Diocesan Catholic Association of Male Youth and Catholic Association of Female Youth, which reported to the Diocesan Office. Each branch included different sections: Eucharistic, singing, theatrical, educational, literary and sports. They organized diocesan and district gatherings (rallies). In the 1930s, the so called Social Weeks enjoyed great popularity. Social Weeks were the courses in practical skills combined with closed retreats, organized by particular districts, and even private individuals. Each year on the day of their patron Saint Stanislaus Kostka or the first Sunday after November 13, the Catholic Youth of the Diocese of Włocławek organized Youth Day, which was a kind of manifestation of Christian ideals. Young people took an active part in the Eucharistic Congresses in Kalisz and Sieradz, as well as the annual celebration of Christ the King and the liturgical life of their parishes. Before the outbreak of the Second World War, the Catholic Association of Male Youth and the Catholic Association of Female Youth existed virtually in all parishes in the Diocese of Włocławek.

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Organizacja dekanalna w diecezji kieleckiej w latach 1925-1939.

Author(s): Grzegorz Bujak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 98/2012

The article discusses the changes which took place in the organisation of deaneries in the Diocese of Kielce in the years 1925-1939. These changes were caused by the necessity of adaptation to the new boundaries of the diocese which were introduced after the concordat of 1925 and the dynamic development of the city of Kielce. With regard to the creation of the deanery of Wiślica, the author presented the decision making process done by the administration of the diocese.

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Raport ks. Michała Sopoćki o stanie Kościoła katolickiego na Litwie i Zachodniej Białorusi po zakończeniu II wojny światowej.

Author(s): Łukasz Krucki / Language(s): Polish Issue: 98/2012

The report about condition of Catholic Church on Lithuania and Western Belorussia from 1947 by Michael Sopoćko tries to fi ll up the vacancy in the research over position of Church in the USSR after second world war. The description of the persecutions of the Church, prepared by the Vilnius priest, is direct relation by the witness of these events. The report presents important contribution for knowledge of history of Catholic Church on advisable terrains.

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Kapituła katedralna w Łucku w dokumentach z przełomu XVIII i XIX wieku.

Author(s): Maria Dębowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 98/2012

The documents currently published come from fragmentary archive of the cathedral chapter of Lutsk, which is part of the Diocese Archive of Lutsk (the deposit in the Centre for Museums Libraries and Church Archives - ABMK in Polish). They show the cathedral chapter in Lutsk in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century - personnel (including biographical data of some people), the obligations of its members, salary of both prelates and canons, as well as the common property of the chapter. The first and most detailed document (from 1797) also includes other cathedral clergymen connected with the cathedral (and the cathedral parish), that is the members of the collegiates: vicars, „mansjonarze”, „angeliści” (the priests of lower rank in the church hierarchy), and the names of lecturers and students of the cathedral seminary. The documents were produced during the territorial reorganization of the Catholic Church in Russia, made in 1798 by the nuncio L. Litt on behalf of Pope Pius VI. The Diocese of Lutsk (with the cathedral chapter in Lutsk) was connected by personal union (Aequana principaliter) with the Diocese of Zhytomyr, whose cathedral chapter was in Zhytomyr.

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Wypisy źródłowe do biografii polskich biskupów i opatów z czasów Rzeczypospolitej Obojga Narodów oraz doby zaborów (XVI-XIX w.). Część XI.

Author(s): Krzysztof Prokop / Language(s): Polish Issue: 98/2012

The eleventh part of the cycle of the Source extracts for the biography of the Polish bishops and abbots from the time of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Partitions of Poland was divided into two separate subject areas, the first of which is the continuation of the material presented in the previous part and it contains the information about the ordination of bishops (date, place, main consecrator, co-consecrators). This subject area includes notes regarding anointment of a total of 100 hierarchs of the 16th-19th centuries, representing mainly the Latin rite (only four Eastern rites). The other subject area, with the heading monastica, presents the materials for the biographies of abbots (this number also includes commendatory abbots) and abbesses of the Polish-Lithuanian-Ruthenian lands, representing both Latin and Greek-Catholic rite (Basilian archimandrites). The total number is 43 people from the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries. The information presented in this and the previous ten parts of the Source extracts gives way to the study which could contribute significantly to the development in the area of biographical lexicons of Old Polish bishops and abbots. The issuing of such publication is something that is urgently demanded from the native church historiography as in this respect it remains far behind historiographies of other countries with Christian traditions.

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„Nie chcemy tego ukrywać” – oczami świadków. Sytuacja duszpasterstwa polonijnego w północnej Francji w 1928 roku.

Author(s): Józef Szymański / Language(s): Polish Issue: 98/2012

The establishing of the „Polish Catholic Mission in France” on 13 May 1922 gave way to the co-operation and agreement aimed at guaranteeing hundreds of thousands of Polish community in this country proper religious care. In France, all the bishops who had a larger number of emigrants in their diocese were supposed to coordinate their efforts to provide those people with pastoral care. However, as stated by one of the priests, Polish Mission had no legal basis, the reason for its existence was based on a rather problematic agreement between Cardinal Dalbor and Cardinal Dubois, the Archbishop of Paris. Hence, it was not often possible to avoid the tendencies of French Bishops, who were sometimes unfavorably inclined towards national spirit of the Polish emigration. Some French bishops declared their intentions openly in the decree of Bishop Chaptal. Although this circular letter referred to all foreign nations, because of the largest number of Poles in France it was primarily important for the Poles. The presented document exemplifies Polish priests attempting to stop the process of denationalization of their countrymen - silent scream.

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Biblioteki parafialne dekanatów krakowskich: Lelów i Wolbrom w XVIII wieku.

Author(s): Piotr Jamioł / Language(s): Polish Issue: 98/2012

The research and exploring of the old parish libraries allows us to understand the processes associated with their foundation and use. Visitations in the Diocese of Kraków carried on in the eighteenth century revealed that the parish clergy cared for the collection of books. Priests clearly appreciated books’ auxiliary role in teaching and preaching. This is confirmed by quite a substantial collection of books in Lelów and Wolbrom deaneries. The large number of books on theology and preaching collected in some parishes indicates that the local parish and assistant priests were interested in reading. In addition to this the synod regulations and pastoral letters encouraged and supported the collecting of books. Church authorities rightly and wisely recognized the useful role of books in supporting pastoral work of the clergy. Therefore, the resolutions of the Synod of Bishops and pastoral letters pointed to the problem of access by the clergy to the most essential aid in preaching and hearing of confessions. Library resources were growing, mainly through individual donations, larger bequests and also by purchase. Initially, the priests created private collections of books according to their own needs or personal interests. Later on, they donated these books to parish libraries. These collections, consistent in their ideological content, reflected the view of the people, who created the libraries and used them. They are a sign of a high intellectual culture of the book donors. As it is evident from the above findings, in terms of the existence of parish libraries in the two deaneries the situation was quite good. Over time, their number and the number of books was increasing steadily. Figures from the source not only confirm this, but also point to the fact that in general those collections were decreasing. This was associated with the widespread practice of expansion of the private collections by adding books from the church collection. In addition, many books were destroyed as a result of numerous fires, invasions and theft. The fact of missing certain books, though not beneficial to the church library is always an indicator that they were in use.

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Karmelici trzewiczkowi prowincji wielkopolskiej w XVII-XIX wieku.

Author(s): Grzegorz Kloskowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 98/2012

The inspiration for writing this article was “A small chronicle of the residence of the Carmelites of the Ancient Observance in Poznań”. The following work is the first study based on sources concerning directly the monks from the province of Great Poland. The presented data reflect only the information included in the given sources and publications and they are the basis for the further study on this monastic family. The study focuses on the Carmelites of the Ancient Observance in the Great Poland Province from 1686, the year when they came into their own, to the dissoluton of the orders in the 19th century. The article is not the catalogue of the monks; it only shows the basic biographical details, which should be confronted with other sources. This source study does not follow the current standards either; it is only the compilation of a few sources. In this way we can gain more details about particular monks. These are not probably all monks of this province, and the subsequent manuscripts and publications will show new characters.

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Działalność Sodalicji Mariańskiej w kolegiach bazyliańskich na ziemiach Rzeczypospolitej w XVIII i XIX wieku.

Author(s): Beata Lorens / Language(s): Polish Issue: 97/2012

The aim of this article is to present the activity of the Sodality of Our Lady functioning in public secondary schools run by the Basilian Order in eastern Poland in the 18th and the 19th centuries. The sources of the information were the books of the congregation, inventories of the monasteries and educational records stored in Polish and Ukrainian archives and printed reports of school visitations conducted by the Commission of National Education. We managed to find traces of the activity of the Sodality of Our Lady in 10 Basilian colleges, out of 20 functioning in the 18th century in the Polish-Lithuanian State. The activity of three schools- Buczacz, Owrucz and Podubiś- is the best documented one in sources. As far as the organizational pattern is concerned, these congregations followed the example of societies functioning in the colleges run by Jesuits. The students of the Sodality were distinguished by very good results in learning, impeccable behavior and devotion. The Marian Congregation helped to deepen faith and they paid special attention to the cult of Mary. They also prepared young people from the gentry background to take part in public life. The Congregation was a very important element in the educational process conducted in the public monastic schools.

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Wypisy źródłowe do biografii polskich biskupów i opatów z czasów Rzeczypospolitej Obojga Narodów oraz doby zaborów (XVI-XIX w.)(Cz. X).

Author(s): Krzysztof Prokop / Language(s): Polish Issue: 97/2012

The tenth part of the cycle for Source extracts for the biography of the Polish bishops and abbots from the time of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Partitions of Poland is entirely dedicated to the testimonies of the ordination of bishop representatives of the Old Polish Catholic episcopate at various times and circumstances. These testimonia consecrationis were taken from different categories of sources-primarily from (acta sacrarum functionum), from the books acta episcopalia, acta actorum capituli, records of informative process concerning bishoprics, from correspondence and diaries-only unpublished. These testimonies refer to the group of 195 hierarchs (including 11 of the Greek Catholic rite, 2 the Armenian Catholic Rite and the rest-the Latin rite), but when it comes to particular centuries these testimonies are presented as follows: 15th. – 4, 16th. – 7, 17th – 43, 18th – 91, 19th – 50. So far, there has been no information where and when a large number of bishops were consecrated, so the following work, presenting substantial portion of factual data acquired directly from archive material, contributes enormously to the state of research on this issue.

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Metafizyka i metaforyka poezji Kasji (IX w.)

Author(s): Agnieszka Heszen / Language(s): Polish Issue: 9/2014

In this article I analyze some troparions of Cassia, a nun and poetess living in the 9th century in Constantinople, towards the end of the iconoclastic controversy. Her hymns dedicated to the saints, anchorites, ascetics and converted harlots are the examples of beautiful literary metaphors. By means of them, the author leads the recipient to what is unearthly, metaphysical and divine. Especially Cassia likes to describe the women, former prostitutes, who after their conversion were living repentant lives in the desert. Cassia in a very imaginative way depicts the condition of their souls and the love to Christ. Additionally, the poetess underlines the role of the woman in the human salvation, of the Mother of God of course, what is an allusion to the „Triumph of Orthodoxy” and the role of Byzantine empresses to defeat iconoclasts.

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Orpheus, Theophilos Kairis and “The Great Moon Hoax”

Author(s): Christina-Panagiota Manolea / Language(s): English Issue: 9/2014

This paper is about a challenging case of the reception of Orphic poetry in the 19th century. We present the use of an Orphic passage by the Greek man of letters Theophilos Kairis (1784-1853) in a supposedly scientific context. Kairis had wide interests and specific knowledge on many philosophical and epistemological issues. He was nevertheless close to becoming one of the victims of “The Great Moon Hoax” of 1835, namely the supposed discovery of life and even civilization on the Moon falsely attributed to the famous astronomer Sir John Herschel. Kairis was aware of the situation, as a series of letters exchanged between him and his sister Evanthia reveals. In the course of the story’s exposition he quoted an Orphic passage (fr. 155 Bernabé). It is argued that Kairis’ knowledge of the Orphic passage in question was in all probability due to the fact that he was familiar with Brucker’s chapter on Orphism (J.J. Brucker, Historia critica philosophiae, vol. I, Leipzig 1744), where this passage is quoted.

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The significance of the semantic range of the term ἀρχή in the thought of sixth century Greek philosophers analysed on the basis of the meanings of certain words containing the ἀρχ- root in early Greek poetry

Author(s): Maciej Roszkowski / Language(s): English Issue: 9/2014

The aim of this paper is to present a classification of the meanings of the term ἀρχή in literary sources up to the sixth century B.C., when the first philosophers, i.e. Thales, Anaximander, and Anaximenes appeared. Although ἀρχή has been a topic of discussion at least from the times of John Burnet who denied the possibility of its having been an original Presocratic term and insisted that it was only a word, used by Aristotle and his followers for the principle of the early Greek philosophers, I feel that this matter did not get its fair share of attention. To allow for a better understanding of the semantic range of the term ἀρχή, I investigate the presented analysis of various meanings of certain words with the ἀρχ- root, most notably ἄρχειν (ind praes. act. ἄρχω) from whose verb-stem the noun ἀρχή is formed. This paper does not make a claim for a decisive argument in the discussion of the term ἀρχή by the early Greek philosophers but only analyses the semantic range of this and other words with the same root. The aim is to determine if such an investigation will shed some light on the reasons why the term was adopted for in the Presocratic philosophy.

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Some Remarks on Paradigms in the Recent Studies in Orphism

Author(s): Piotr Świercz / Language(s): English Issue: 9/2014

The goal of the article is a comparative analysis of the main paradigms in studies in Orphism. One of these paradigms recognizes the historicity of Orphism as certain and concentrates on establishing the contents of Orphic myths. The main representative of this trend is Alberto Bernabé (Universidad Complutense de Madrid). The second trend, whose main representative is Radcliffe Guest Edmonds III (Bryn Mawr College), questions the historicity of Orphism. Edmonds considers Orphism (or, as he calls it, “Orphism”) an invention of nineteenth-century European scholarship. Therefore, he concentrates on analyzing available testimonies, traditionally considered Orphic, as independent expressions of different tendencies in the religious life of ancient Greece. In addition to comparing the two paradigms, the author also investigates the possibility of reconciling them.

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Reception of Ancient Sicilian Greek experiences in political theory of Plato, Xenophon and Isocrates - a survey

Author(s): Ryszard Tokarczuk / Language(s): English Issue: 9/2014

In a book dedicated to turbulent history of Greece in fourth century Michael Scott describes ancient Sicily as “petri dish” for political experiments of Ancient Greeks. Article tries to find the evidence for such a claim can it be said that political experiences of Sicilian Greeks in fifth and fourth century were used in political theory of mainland Greeks? Such traces can be found in works of three Athenians Plato, Xenophon and Isocrates. All three had written about forms of government, including the rule of one. All had lived in the same period of time and were influenced by the same historical events. Plato is famous for his journeys to Sicily, Xenophon wrote a treaty featuring well known Syracusan tyrant from the previous century. Isocrates, in the end, had written a letter to Dionysius the Elder. Does that mean that there was some transfer of the ideas between Syracuse and the mainland Greece? Have political theory benefited in some way from the experiences of Syracusan tyranny?The article examines the works of three writers in search for traces of “experiments” that can be connected with Sicily and explicitly with Syracuse. Closer attention is shown to their opinions about ideal leaders and rulers. In each case, the background of each writer and his own reasons to write to or about Syracuse, results in something very different than one could expect from the metaphor about “petri dish”. Their knowledge of Sicily can be limited, most often however they use the general knowledge about the Sicilian tyrants to their purposes. Plato, who would have the most ambitious political project regarding the island, ends up with also the biggest failure.

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Orphic Elements in Greek Funerary Verse-inscriptions

Author(s): Andrzej Wypustek / Language(s): English Issue: 9/2014

Many Classical scholars assume that Greek verse-inscriptions proclaiming clear-cut visions of Afterlife do originate in mystery cults. Accordingly, such verses are either termed as Orphic, Pythagorean, Dionysiac, or some kind of direct influence by mystery cults on them is recognized. The following paper surveys scant evidence for the alleged Orphic funerary poems. Apparently as far Orphism is concerned, there is almost complete silence in funerary verse-inscriptions. A critical appraisal of some ‘Orphic’ attributions allows also to draw some inferences on relations between ‘Orphic’ traditions and Greek funerary poetry. To large extent, funerary monuments (and funerary epigrams) constituted a public manifestation of within-group status or social status of the deceased and of their families. Therefore, it seems that such group membership did not define the individuals as being ‘Orphic’. The ‘Orphics’ (and their dead) did not build collective ties and that their social identity was less developed than, for example, that of Pythagoreans or initiates of Dionysiac mysteries. Otherwise they would proudly manifest their honourable affiliation or their privileged status in the afterlife.

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