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У вези са излагањем друга Ћирковића желим указати на важност језика као елемента за одређивање природно-етничких одлика народа. Језик je, уосталом, најважније средство саобраћаја међу људима. Чак кад се историјски образују етничке разлике на другој основи, кад се образују народи у феудалном смислу, без обзира на језик, језик не може бити испуштен из нашег посматрања.
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In the period of 1878-1903 the Bulgarian municipalities in Macedonia strengthen their significant position in the life of the Bulgarian population by organizing an active church-national and social activity.
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The church-national struggle continued almost four decades and ended on February 27, 1870, with the foundation of an independent Bulgarian church hierarchy in the form of a Bulgarian hexarchy by virtue of a decree of the sultan.
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After destruction of the Bulgarian Archblshopry of Ohrid (1767). all Bulgarian Chtistians fell under in spiritual dependence of the Suprese Greek patriarchy of Constantinople.
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The article analyzes representations about the Roma people in the Russian, Belorussian, and Ukrainian literatures. The images of Roma in the literature were often built on the ground of the existing stereotypes. Roma arrived to the territory of the Russian Empire in the second half of XVIII century. In the early XIX century, they were for the first time described by some writers, musicians, and painters. The author accumulated a great number of novels, stories and poems, that were written by Russian, Belorussian, and Ukrainian writers and describes Roma. There were analyzed the dynamic of Roma images’ creating in the different periods of time.
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The loggia represents dominant functional and important element in the spatial conception of the 19th century town houses in Shtip. At the same time, the position of the loggia balcony has a central place in the organization of the living space, which connects the other rooms (the rooms, the kitchen) in one entity. The form of the space is placed in the middle of the house plan, in the sideways position of the base, in the whole depth of the house or in an irregular shape, adapted to the function of the space. While shaping the loggia, structural features of building are applied, the spacious elements of built-in and movable furniture, decorative doors, windows, fences of the stairs, the ceiling, etc. In this way, the local and indigenous characteristics of the balcony loggia in the city house from Shtip are reflected. The significance and influence of the loggia balcony in the organization of the house led to the formation of a type of house “chardakliya” which was characteristic for the settlements of the wider region of the Balkans.
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The story of a powerful Chinese family of the late 19th – early 20th centuries began from Charles Soong. He was one of the first Chinese who had an opportunity to receive education abroad and achieved success in business. Having lived in the United States for about 10 years as an emigrant from China (huaqiao) and taken up the Western mentality, Ch. Soong always remained faithful to his homeland. For this reason, he tried to ensure that his children, who studied at the best universities in the United States, would return to China. The members of the Soong family played a leading role in the economic and political history of China: his son, Soong Tse-ven, was a successful businessman and held the most important public positions; his three daughters – Ai-ling, Ching-ling, and Mei-ling – became the most influential women in China. Ch. Soong strived to unite the East and the West. His biography is of interest for studying the role of large families and clans in the political, economic, and cultural life of China during the 19th and 20th centuries.
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In the article, the author seeks the interrelation between two historic processes that seem to be independent of each other – the final conquest of the North Caucasus by the Russian army in the years after the Crimean War and the events that led to the Bulgarian liberation in 1878. The “linking point” between these two processes is the massive resettlement of the Circassian tribes from the Northwest Caucasus within the Ottoman Empire, including the Bulgarian lands under Ottoman rule – a resettlement that occupies an important place in the policy of the Russian rulers not only with regard to the Caucasus region but also against the Ottoman Empire and its possessions in the Balkans.
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The text contains elements from the history of the town of Pirdop and its` surroundings during the 19-th century. The codex of the local church community has been studied in detail. The accounting within was noted for two decades by the hand of the local notable, Simon. It starts from the decoration of the new church and further on contains data on the functioning of the church community as a microcredit institution. The core of local notable families was examined, as they were the leaders of the church community. More recent pre-Liberation ethnographic documentation, gathered by the teacher Simeon Aldov (Serdanov) was examined from a general anthropological, „patrimonial“, socioeconomical, ecological and geographical point of view in the frame of the region. Robbery and crime, local political unrest and their consequences have been mentioned in a cholistic perspective, in the spirit of local and regional studies.
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The article presents itself the way of looking for a strategy which would allow to actualize, analyze and interpret archival photographs. In a focus there are images of medieval temple architecture from the territory on which the civilizations of East and West are converged. As the main source a collection of photographs from the Kosovo and Bitola vilayets of the Ottoman Empire is taken. It was acquired in 1914 by the famous linguist E. A. Volter (1856–1941) in Skopje for the Department of Ethnography of the Russian Museum of His Imperial Majesty Alexander III. Comparing images with each other and with other similar photographic artifacts of the early 20th century the author noted their common subject referred to the heritage of the Serbian dynasty Nemanichi ruled in the 14th century. The photographs thus visualize the phenomenon of Old Serbia, defined as a folklore-ideological construct which has become a part of the national program of the Kingdom of Serbia in the 19th century. Using the example of three photographic scenes, the historical fate of this heritage, its phenomenology and semantics are traced, as well as its role and significance for the modern Serbian society is revealed. Based on this, the conclusion about the deep connection between the temple heritage and the national myth, Serbian identity and its representation is drawn. The problem of interethnic contradictions is touched upon. Interpretation of photographs is carried out by their correlation with folklore and narrative sources within the framework of an integrated approach. The results of the analysis allow to conclude that the materials of the collection significantly contribute to the comprehension of a number of historical and ethnological issues, including global problems of our time, such as the problem of preserving the world cultural heritage.
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A presentation of the scholarly activity of prof. dr.sc. N.F.Bugay
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Нема сумње да је културна и политичка улога чешкословачког народа у Средњој Европи условљена неким географским чињеницама. Земље овог народа се налазе у средини између порајнске индуrстријске и подунавске аграрне Средње Европе, оне везују Запад с Истоком, преко њих води пут из северне Европе у јужну Европу. Сама Чешка, опкољена планинама, као нека тврђава доминира околним земљама; зато је Бизмарк и могао реhи, да је господар Европе онај ко има Чешку.
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The author studies the first years after the introduction of the chitalishte institution when these cultural centres appeared and established themselves in the dynamic sociocultural context of the local communities – first in some of the well-developed Bulgarian towns and later in many of the Bulgarian villages. Chitalishte is a cultural and educational institution and is thus studied in the context of the modernization, educational and nation building ideas pertinent in the 1860s and 1870s. At that time the institution developed its specific features (its local nature, complex functions, autonomous social form of governance). The article presents the decisive moments certifying for the institutional activity of the chitalishta with an accent on these issues which show close relations to the folk culture, which was as a need and as a type of communication dominant in the local culture.
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