GEOMAGNETIC SURVEY OF CUCUTENI-SETTLEMENTS IN MOLDOVA – RESULTS OF THE FAU – CAMPAIGN 2015

Author(s): Carsten Mischka,Doris Mischka,Alexander Rubel / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2016

In spring 2015, the Cucuteni sites of Scânteia (Iași County), Izvoare, Răucești (both Neamţ County), Ţigǎnești, Stănișești and Fulgeriș (all Bacău County) where surveyed by gradiometer. At Scânteia, more than 50 burned houses, ordered in parallel lines, as well as a threefold ditch system were encountered. The magnetograms from Fulgeriș, Izvoare and Răucești revealed also the typical, massive ditch systems, which were used on most Cucuteni sites for the settlement's delimitation. To a certain extend, at Fulgeriș the spatial order of a settlement, aligned along a central pathway is visible, while the other sites where not similarly informative. As a multi–layer settlement Izvoare exhibits a condensed picture of overlying structures, while Răucești, Ţigǎnești and Stănișești show different stages of destruction by erosion, caused by modern land–use. These range from disarticulated, but still present features up to the presumably complete annihilation of any archaeological substance. The results show the extraordinary potential of the Cucuteni sites for future, extensive landscape–archaeology, but they also indicate the probably short time during which these unique sources of archaeological information will remain intact for analysis under the circumstances of today’s more and more mechanized agriculture.

CENSORSHIP OF BOOKS IN THE LIBRARY OF “ȘTEFAN CEL MARE” NATIONAL COLLEGE FROM SUCEAVA (1860-1990)

Author(s): Corina Dominte / Language(s): English Issue: -/2019

This paper aims at presenting the acts of book and document censorship within the library of «Griechisch-orientalische kaiserlich-königliche Obergymnasium in Suczawa», the first high school from southern Bukowina, founded by imperial decree on the 30th of June 1860, in which German was the tuition language, today known as Colegiul Național “Ștefan cel Mare” from Suceava. This study is based on original archive documents, previous studies on the topic and documents from the school library. Relying on historical research approaches, the phenomenon of book censorship is analysed during all polical regimes that succeeded in the nearly 160 years of existance of the school library. The paper points to the restrictions imposed during the Austrian rule (1860-1918), the cleansing and even total distruction of the most valuable books belonging to the Romanian heritage during the totalitarian regimes after the Great Union of 1918, the reorganisation of the special collections, the restriction of the public accessibility to certain titles. This paper, alongside previous ones on the same topic, is meant to contribute to the understanding of the complex phenomenon of censorship in Romanian libraries.

Private Letters as Visual Evidence for Disclosure of the Totalitarian Regime

Author(s): George Gotsiridze,Ketevan Gigashvili / Language(s): English Issue: 9/2019

The paper aims to prove the impact of the totalitarian regime on individuals, society and interpersonal relationships, reflected in personal letters, as well as the consequences of this impact. The research object includes the epistolary legacy of the 19th-century Georgian poet and public figure, the General of the Russian Army, Grigol Orbeliani, and that of the 20th-century Georgian historian, founder and Rector of Tbilisi State University, Ivane Javakhishvili. They both were members of the Georgian society, on extremely different sides, owing to their beliefs and worldviews: the former was an active participant in the creation of the totalitarian regime and represented the foothold of Russian authority in fulfilling the forcible policy in the Caucasus, and the latter was a victim of the totalitarian regime; by keeping the national values, worldviews, and personal freedom, he opposed authority. As a result, he became an object of persecution and insult. The comparative analysis of the two different epochs has once again revealed that Bolshevism was a logical extension of Tsarist Russia’s imperial policy: in both epochs, the Russian sovereignty used similar methods to implement and maintain a totalitarian regime: obtaining the public confidence, dividing the society, encouraging people to denounce and doom each other in order to create successful careers and so on. By bringing the examples from modern life, the work shows that, despite the fact that communism has fallen, its influence on society is still evident.

Narrative Strategies of the Representation of Consciousness in the Modern Georgian Novel: Post-Soviet Experience (Based on Obole by Aka Morchiladze)

Author(s): Irakli Khvedelidze / Language(s): English Issue: 9/2019

The paper presents the outcomes of the research on the following topic: the formation of the national identity in the Post-Soviet/Post-Communist Georgian literary discourse. The material is taken from Obole – a novel by a famous representative of post-modern Georgian literature Aka Morchiladze. The research methodology consists of cognitive narratology, namely, the narratological knowledge aimed at the study of the character’s consciousness (Palmer 2004, Zunshine 2006). In order to identify the peculiarities of the act of remembering, the research uses various approaches to the research of memory (Neumann 2005, Birke 2008). The aim of the research is to define the role of values, aspirations and opinions (regarding the reality beyond “the iron curtain”), obligations, traumatic experience, action programs (stereotypes) (Antonio Damasio) formed in the Georgian society (on the individual and collective levels) during the Soviet regime in the functioning of the autobiographic self/identity of characters living in the Post-Soviet reality. The research attempts to study how the old model of identity meets human homeostatic and homeodynamic (Antonio Damasio) needs in the new reality of the Post-Communist period. The research also attempts to find out whether the act of remembering (Soviet experience) supports or hampers the formation of the new national identity. Based on the novel under analysis, the research identified the peculiarities of individual and social consciousness in the Post-Soviet reality. Implementation of the above-mentioned objectives clarified the cultural representation of Communism in the Post-Soviet States.

Зоя Барболова, Маргарита Симеонова, Мария Китанова, Неда Мутафчиева, Палмира Легурска. Речник на духовната народна култура на българите. София: Наука и изкуство, 2018

Author(s): Anatol Anchev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2019

Book Review

İşlevselcilik Açısından Kuyu Motifinin Türk Kültürü, Edebiyatı ve Sinemasına Yansımaları

Author(s): Nursel Işık / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 102/2020

Well is one of the important sources to reach water in rural areas where technological opportunuties are limited in. It’s seen that, this source has a place in Turkish culture, in the world of literature and thought in both real and figurative meanings. The reality is well theme has been using as a powerful symbol in daily life idioms and proverbs, mânis and folk songs, tales, mythes, legends, classical poems, modern literature apart from it’s worldly meaning. Therefore, the reflection of well theme to Tukish movie theatre has a parallel direction with its’ common using in both Turkish culture and literature. It is seen that; material, legendary and psychological aspects of well are emphasized in dramas and horror movies. In this article, the transfer of well theme from folk culture and Turkish literature to movie theatre is examined with a functionalist point. It is tried to be analysed over the well theme that; although there is a thought of a materialistic factor has lost its’ function apparently, with the changing of context, it has gained new functions. With this research besides its’ water resource, these functions of well are determined; it is a socialising means, a source for taboo, useful as a witness for people who fix their faults, a milestone in the life of people who are seen as holy figures, a symbol to describe impossibilities and desperations. Also, it is a way to descibe beauty of lover in classical literature, has various functions as a metaphor to impress the “death, sexuality, past, unknown” and complicated feelings in both modern literature and movie theatre.

Piese săsești din colecția Muzeului de Etnografie și Artă Populară Orăștie

Author(s): Daniela Cristina Șendroiu,Iustina Bogdan / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 10/2019

Die vorliegende Arbeit versucht die sächsische Stücke die sich in der Sammlung des Ethnographie- und Volkskunstmuseums Orăştie befinden, so detailiert wie möglich zu beschreiben. Wir sehen hier Kleidungsstücken aus der Feiertagsvolkstracht, Textilien für das innere der Wohnung und ethnographische Keramik. Zur ersten Kategorie gehören 2 männliche Schafpelze, wenig geschmückt, mit Lederstreifen und farbiges Baumwollgarn (Taf. I/1-2), 2 Frauenwämse für die Feiertage (Taf. II/1-2), besonders schön bearbeitet, mit Stickerei – Blumen in lebendigen Farben, ein Männerhemd für Feiertage und 7 Bänder die zu dem Kopfschmuck gehören. Viel älter als diese Volkstrachtsstücke sind die Gefäße aus Keramik (Taf. IV-VI), die in unserem Museum aufbewahrt sind. Der besondere Wert dieser Stücke steht in der Technik in der sie geschmückt sind – und zwar die Zgrafititechnik – die Töpferei wo sie gemacht wurden (Saschiz) und in der Tatsache, dass sie am Ende des XVIII. Jahrhunderts und Anfang des XIX. Jahrhunderts datiert sind. Zwei davon sind flache Teller, mit spezifischen Motiven der Töpferei Saschiz, schön dekoriert: mit Motive die Vögel darstellen (ein Vogel, dass ein Rebhuhn zu sein scheint) und Blumenmotive (Tulpe und Grantapfelblume). Dieselbe Dekoration befindet sich auch auf den kleinen Trinkgefäßen die wir beschrieben haben, die Kännchen genannt sind.In Anbetracht der Tatsache, dass heute die Zahl der Sachsen in Orăştie und der Umgebung in ständigem Rückgang ist, betrachten wir es für nötig, den besonderen Wert, den diese Stück haben, vorzuheben, weil man zur Zeit in ihren Häusern keine solche Gegenstände findet.

Türk Makam Müziğinin Batılılaşma Sürecine Genel Bir Bakış: Ankara Radyosu Örneği

Author(s): Bedirhan Büyükduman,Nesibe Özgül Turgay / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 68/2020

The fields art and culture have always been controlled and protected by authorities through various policies. Having been protected by the Ottoman Empire for many centuries, and seen as the official music of the empire, makam music went through various changes and transformations due to the Westernization movements from the beginning of the 19th century onwards. Turkish makam music which took its final form with the proclamation of the Republic in 1923, began to be seen as an archaic element as a result of the policies of this new regime, and was attempted to be eliminated through the Gökalpist doctrine, in order to found a national music. This research has been focused on the analysis of the effects of the reforms attempted in the musical area following the proclamation of the Republic, on the broadcasting activity in Ankara Radio. Books, magazines, newspapers and articles which give information about the Ankara Radio, have been determined and accessed through the archive research, and examined thoroughly. Thus within this research has been employed a qualitative descriptive research method. As a result of the research, it has been concluded that Ankara Radio could not avoid the dominant ideology since its foundation and has been kept Turkish makam music in the background thereby concentrate on Western music on broadcasting, even though it brought an stylistic innovation.

Chrzest Rusi w ujęciu Jana Skylitzesa

Author(s): Jacek Bonarek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2018

The work of John Skylitzes (Synopsis historion) embracing thehistory of Byzantium from the 9th till the 11th century, written in thetimes of Aleksy Komnen – when Rus’ had already been a christianizedcountry – allows to view the attitudes of Byzantines towardsthe process of christianization of Rus’. Namely, John Skylitzes providestwo descriptions of how Christian faith was adopted by Rus’(under the reign of Michael II and then Basil I) and mentions thechristening of Princess Olga, while completely neglecting the actualChristianization of Kievan Rus’ during the reign of Vladimir I theSaint. Thus, the narration rendered by John Skylitzes indicates thatRuthenia entered the Christian ecumene only once, that is, in the 9thcentury

Los człowieka na płótnie wyhaftowany – ręcznik obrzędowy jako symbol kultury materialnej Białorusinów z Podlasia

Author(s): Alicja Joanna Siegiej- Matyjewicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: XXV/2020

This article shows the importance of a ritual towel, its ornamentation, types, application, symbolism, creation motifs and the place it occupies in the lives of Belarusians living in the region of eastern Poland. The towel accompanies Belarusians from birth, engagement, through marriage, wedding, to death. There are two types of Belorussian towels in the Podlasie Region: casual and ceremonial towels. They perform practical, aesthetic, religious, symbolic, cleansing, protective and mystical functions. The content of the article was obtained by an analysis of literature directly related to the subject of research, formal analysis of documents and products of research, observations and in-depth ethnographic interviews. By using these research techniques, the author interpreted the symbolism of the Belarusian ceremonial towel. The presented research also helped to determine its place and manner of use by Belarusians in specific rituals and customs.

L’émancipation graduelle des Juifs de Roumanie et la révision de la citoyenneté roumaine sous le gouvernement Goga. Aspects juridiques (1879-1938) et historiques (1937-1938)

Author(s): Philippe Henri Blasen / Language(s): French Issue: 3 (19)/2018

This article focuses on the changes of the citizenship status of Jews in Romania between 1879 and 1938. It presents the Romanian citizenship law beginning with the constitutional amendment of 25 October 1879 and concluding with the citizenship review under the Goga ministry. It rediscusses the citizenship review using previously unexploited archival material. It argues that the Romanian State performed an almost complete rotation in the above-mentioned period: the State gradually granted most of the Jews in Romania citizenship, then challenged its acts beginning with 1936. The citizenship review deprived 30% of the Jewish population in Romania of its citizenship shortly later, in 1938-1939.

Официалните турски преброявания на населението като извор за етническия характер на Македония (1879 –1912)

Author(s): Stanislava Stoycheva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2020

The study examines the censuses of the Bulgarian population in Macedonia during the Late Ottoman Empire (1879 – 1912) on the basis of the official state censuses (Salname). Statistical and demographic indicators of the population are traced.

Бележка за формите на лексемата „български“ в диалектите на Югозападна и Южна Централна Македония

Author(s): Larry-Labro Korolov,Larry Labro Koroloff / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2020

This short article deals with the origin of the lexeme , as well as бугарин, бугарка, бугари the different forms of the adjective бугарцки, which appear in the dialects, spoken in a large area of South Central Macedonia. While it is sometimes accepted that the forms бугарин, бугари and forms бугарски of the in central and north Macedonian dialects, as well as in standard Macedonian norm, codified in 1945 in the former Yugoslavia, are due to Serbian influence, the south central Macedonian forms have a different origin.

Originea muncii reflectată în Biblie și în folclorul românesc

Author(s): Andrei Prohin / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 31/2019

The paper is dedicated to the traditional regard on labour, a regard based on two fundamental domains of the traditional society: the main book of Christianity (Bible) and the literary creation, both having a great age and a considerable impact on the social representations. The author analyses how labour is presented in the Holy Writ: as a duty that was assigned by God to the first humans, in Paradise. It later became a means for supporting life and a source of pain due to the original sin, committed by first humans, and their expulsion from Paradise. The author traces this biblical motif in several Romanian folk creations – wedding orations, Christmas carols, creation legends. In the traditional imaginary world, the episode of the original sin sometimes misses or it contains extra-biblical details. One of the frequent ideas is that God has taught Adam and Eve the main domestic occupations and has given them the necessary implements. Labour proves thus the Creator’s care for humans. The folk sources also support the idea that when humans, during their earthly life, had broken God’s commands, their labour became a tiresome occupation that does not always culminate with results corresponding to the invested effort.

В новите броеве на списанията на издателство ,,Aз-буки“ четете

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 5/2020

Морската Майка на Боговете от Дионисопол (Балчик) и Морска майка от Созопол

Author(s): Kalin Porozhanov / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Issue: 25/2020

In the dedications of the temple of the Pontic Mother of the Gods (4th century BC – 4th century) in Dionysopolis (now the town of Balchik) on Bulgarian Northern Black Sea Coast the goddesses‘ references are Pontic Mother of the Gods, Pontic Mother, Pontic Goddess Mother, Mother of the Gods. In other inscriptions from the Black Sea region is used Mother of the Gods (Bizone, Istros/Histria, Tomis, Olbia), Pantikapaion – Phrygian Mother, Mesambria – Kybele Mother, Marcianopolis – Heavenly Mother of the Gods. The concept of Pontic is found in inscriptions for Aphrodite from Histria and Olbia, from Tiristasis, Kyzikos/Cyzicus and the island of Kos, where it is a protector of sailors. Obviously, in the case of the Pontic goddess of the Temple of Dionysopolis, it is a protector from and into the sea. It is certain that behind the term Pontic lies the meaning of the sea, and this characteristic as the Sea Mother of the Gods, according to the use of forms of the Ionic dialect, probably originates in Asia Minor. In the traditional culture of the town of Sozopol (ancient poleis Apollonia Pontica) and in the others towns of Bulgarian Southern Black Sea coast, the Sea Mother (Greek Kiratalassa = mistress, lady soveraign, ruler of the sea) is the Goddess of the Sea. Its strength and power is so great that it can both break the sea and the worst storm to make it subsided. To express their esteem to her, fishermen portray her as a bust of a female figure made of wood. It is placed at the front of the boat’s nose to protect them in the sea. The comparability of the deities of the Sea Mother of the Gods from Antiquity in Dionysopolis (now town of Balchik) on Bulgarian Northern Black Sea Coast and the Sea Mother of the Twentieth Century in the town of Sozopol on Bulgarian Southern Black Sea Coast – allows for the problem situation to come up with a working hypothesis that would say it is for the Great Goddess Mother as a Thracian-Anatolian Deity, honored in Thracian environment in Hellenic poleis on the Thracian coasts.

IGBulg III, 1, 998 и културният синкретизъм в римския Филипопол

Author(s): Lyuba Radulova / Language(s): English,Greek, Ancient (to 1453),Bulgarian Issue: 25/2020

The paper examines a Greek inscription from Philippopolis (IGBulg III, 1, 998) which illustrates the complex dynamic in the local religious and cultural life. The inscription contains a grave imprecation reproducing models from Asia Minor. However, the practice of using supernatural protection against grave violations is quite uncommon for the Thracian context and is clearly related to the fact that the owner of the grave identifies himself as a native from Nicaea. The foreign element of the grave imprecation is mixed in the inscription with a reference to the city’s mail cult of Apollo Kendrisos, itself a result of the religious syncretism between the Greek Apollo and a local Thracian deity. The double protection of the grave entrusted both to the local gods and to the native supernatural forces is enhanced by adding a third protective element – a grave fine. Thus, the use of profane, legal means of protection, typical only for the Roman law, demonstrates the owner’s integration also into the dominant Roman culture.

THE ROLE OF SOFU MEHMED PAŞA’S COMPLEX IN THE URBANIZATION AND ESTABLISHMENT OF SOFIA AS AN ADMINISTRATIVE CENTRE IN RUMELI

Author(s): Paulina Andonova / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2020

The Ottoman sources give evidence about the role of the Black Mosque complex (nowadays the church “Sv. Sedmochislenitsi”) in the urbanization of Sofia and the establishment of the city as an important economic, political and religious centre in the Balkans. It was constructed in 1548 by the donation of the Ottoman vizier and Rumeli beylerbey Sofu Mehmed Paşa and designed by the great architect Mimar Sinan. Located on the periphery of the city, in the valley (dere), called Pınarcık, between the modern Graf Ignatiev Street (Samokovsko chaussée) and Tsarigradsko Chaussée Boulevard (the Road of the Ghazis), the complex of Sofu Mehmed Paşa was constructed on an empty site. The zâviye of the famous Halveti Şeyh Bali Efendi also emerged along the Samokovsko chaussée in the 1540s. The building of the Black Mosque külliye and the zâviye led to the settlement of Muslim population in the empty plot around the two cult centres and resulted in a new neighborhood formation called Imaret Mahalle. This study aims at tracing the stages of utilization of the extra-urban space of Sofia towards the 1540s, emphasizing the interaction between the Rumelian beylerbey and vizier and the Halveti Şeyh in the context of the religious policy of the Ottoman authorities.

‘EUROPE’ AND THE ‘BALKANS’ IMAGES AND NARRATIVES IN THE CULTURAL STRATEGY OF “PLOVDIV – EUROPEAN CAPITAL OF CULTURE 2019”

Author(s): Zlatina Bogdanova / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2020

The paper reviews leading narratives and practices that construct specific images of the ‘European’ and the ‘Balkan’ in the intercultural program of ‘Plovdiv – European Capital of Culture 2019’. The argument is based on studied models in intercultural communication: building images of ‘native’ and ‘foreign’ in narrative strategies. The campaign “Plovdiv – European Capital of Culture 2019” was conceived and implemented as an intercultural interaction between Europe and Plovdiv (Bulgaria). Therefore, at a collective level, narratives can stabilize the identity as well as emphasize belonging to a particular cultural and social space (but they can also mark boundaries – ethnic and cultural). The paper draws particular attention to the role of the cultural industries in representing the city as the European Capital of Culture. The research methodology includes observation and participation in specific trainings, projects and events related to the campaign.

From What Is a Jew to Who Is a Jew for the Romanian State?

Author(s): Nicolae Drăguşin / Language(s): English Issue: 13/2020

The present study aims at exploring how the question of Jewish emancipation was managed by the Romanian State. Our analytical quest aims at unveiling the double approach of the Romanian authorities. While the first phase revolved around the question: “What is a Jew for the Romanian State?”, the second phase revolved around a different question: “Who is a Jew for the Romanian State?” Consequently, the paper consists of two parts. First, we are interested to investigate the quest for citizenship up to 1919/1923; second, we are interested to see how the Romanian authorities approached the Jewish minority after naturalization was granted. This second part, corresponding to the years 1923 to 1938, has two complementary facets: revising the citizenship (1924-1938) and legally defining the Jew (1940-1942), in order to introduce a whole range of discriminations. These complementary facets are interlinked, since the legal identification of the Jews was meant, in certain situations, to deprive them of the rights associated with citizenship and, in other situations, to exclude them from society and nationalize their properties. The paper focuses on the legal documents (treaties, constitutional laws, organic laws, and decree-laws) to explore the status ascribed to Jews by the Romanian State and the dynamics of the legal definitions associated to them in the early nineteen-forties.