Od sociálneho radikalizmu k radikálnemu socializmu 1918 - 1920

Author(s): Juraj Benko / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2015

The study deals with the circumstances of the formation of social protests within the context of the lower classes during the first years after the establishment of Czechoslovakia and with the relationship between social radicalism and radical socialism during this period. On one hand, the author focuses on the social causes of the protests, on the other hand, the ways in which the protests were expressed are analysed. Considering the establishment of Czechoslovakia, the emphasis is put on the process of continuity of the development of social and economic circumstances, in which the lower classes lived in this period. The aspect of the discontinuity of political development remains overlooked. It is distinguished by the differences between the interests and political behaviour of two quite separate social worlds – the interests of the elite and middle class on one hand and the interests of the lower classes, that had been most damaged by the social and economic situation at the end of the war and after the establishment of Czechoslovakia on the other. With socially differentiated views and emphasizing the continuity of the social and economic situation, the process of the national-democratic revolution in 1918 (accentuated among the higher and middle classes, as well as in the official history) seems to parallel the specific development of social protests within the context of the lower classes. At the same time, the study focuses on the multiple radical lexicons present in the sphere of discourse and used in the radicalization of the lower classes. The communist lexicon, which was significantly used by the lower classes in towns and rural areas almost immediately after war, played an important role as a political language of social protest.

"Zelené kádry" jako radikální alternativa pro venkov na západním Slovensku a ve středovýchodní Evropě 1917 - 1920

Author(s): Jakub Beneš / Language(s): Czech Issue: 2/2015

This article explores the phenomenon of the ‘Green Cadres' at the end of the First World War in Austria-Hungary, with a focus on events in western Slovakia 1918-1920. The Green Cadres were bands of army deserters and radicalized peasants who hid in the forests and mountains of the monarchy during the last year of the war and then violently attempted to topple the social-political order in many localities as the state collapsed. The article suggests that they represented both the last major episode of peasant unrest in the region and a radical new attempt by the rural common people to influence the character of national and social politics in the interwar period. The nationalist dimension of this loose social movement appears to have been particularly strong in western Slovakia and may indicate some affiliation with the leaders of Slovak Catholic populism. On the other hand, the inability of nationalist elites to coopt the Green Cadres was in part responsible for their marginalization in narratives of Czechoslovak liberation as well as in contemporary historiography. On the basis of sources in Slovak, Czech, Slovenian, Serbo-Croatian, and German, this study argues that the Slovak case of the Green Cadres fits into a broader transnational phenomenon, which sheds new light on the history of East Central Europe in the twentieth century.

Conference Report “Czech, Slovak and Czechoslovak 20th Century History XIII: Century of the Republic“, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic, 4th – 5th of April 2018

Author(s): Miroslava Gallová / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2018

Place: Hradec Králové, Czech Republic Date: 4th – 5th of April 2018

Places of Revolt: Geographical References in the Slovak Anarchist Press Around the Turn of the Millennium

Author(s): Ondřej Daniel / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

Geographical references likely played a crucial role in shaping the worldview of Slovakia’s anti-globalisation activists. The aim of this study is to provide a classification of geographical categories based on how they operate in the anti-globalisation activist press. The primary material for this study consists of two journals: Zdola (“From the Bottom”) published by the Slovak section of the Czechoslovak Anarchist Federation, and Žerme bohatých (“Let’s eat the rich”) published by the organisation Priama akcia (“Direct action”), the Slovak section of the International Workers’ Association. Geographical references in the Slovak anarchist press around the turn of the millennium provided potentially isolated activist communities with information about relevant struggles around the world. These references empowered these communities by calling on them to be a part of the global struggle. Three narrative strategies are identified: context, equation and inspiration. The differences between the two journals stem from their different ideological profiles. The qualitative research presented in this article allows for a semantic categorisation of these references.

Italy and Post-Habsburg Central Europe (An Introduction)

Author(s): Michal Kšiňan,Michal Ďurčo / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2021

An introduction to the thematic issue of Forum Historiae 1/2021, Italy and the Post-Habsburg Central Europe outlines the main research questions and hypotheses that the authors worked with. Italy had ambitions to be in the position of a great power in the region and played an important role there in several different dimensions. The papers of this volume examine the political, diplomatic and military aspects of the Italian presence, as well as its economic, local and social dimension in post-Habsburg Central Europe. The intention of this thematic issue is not to cover the matter in its entirety, but rather to focus on lesser-known topics or those that have yet to be researched.

The legal context of death in the time of the Mojmírs and the Árpáds

Author(s): Miroslav Lysý / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

The death of a person is a complex issue fact that older law looked at in two ways. First and foremost, death represented a consequence; the application of a legal sanction. The oldest law considered execution more as a means of healing, as a ritual, and only in the late Middle Ages was execution thought of as a deterrent or a means of retaliation towards a criminal. In the second approach, death could be a prerequisite for a range of legal consequences. For example, a marriage ends with a death, and after the canonical form of marriage was instituted, death was the only legal method of ending a marriage. Naturally, death was key in inheritance law, as it is a prerequisite for obtaining family assets. Legal holdovers from the Árpád period regulated in particular the protection of widows and the interests of the presently forming nobility among the population.

The Impact of Public Governance on Fiscal Pressure in Selected Emerging Countries

Author(s): Petre Brezeanu,Cristina Simona CĂPĂȚÎNĂ,Raluca Andreea GHEȚU / Language(s): English Issue: 04-05/2023

The purpose of our article is to assess the effect of diverse indicators pertaining to government quality and risk on fiscal pressure. The analysis focuses on 14 emerging countries in the European Union from 2002 to 2020. The results reveal that public governance indicators account for 51 percent of the variance in fiscal pressure, with the quality of regulations, corruption, and rule of law indicators having the most significant impact. This empirical study addresses an essential concern for policymakers, specifically the quality of public governance and its subsequent influence on fiscal pressure, with direct repercussions on the lives of citizens.

Oil Price and Geopolitics Risk: New Causality Insights in Frequency-Domain

Author(s): Mihai Mutascu / Language(s): English Issue: 08-09/2023

The paper explores the causality between oil price and geopolitical risk at global level by using the short- and long-run test of causality in the frequency domain, over the period May, 1987 – April, 2020. For robustness checks, alternative tools in time-domain and additional variables are also considered. The key result claims that the oil price is a crucial signal for geopolitical risk on short- (i.e. up to 3 months) and long-run (i.e. more than 9 months) through its threats component. Interesting, no evidence shows that the oil price can explain the geopolitical acts per se. The results remain robust under the influence of global real economic activity in industrial commodity market. Surprisingly, no causality running from geopolitical risk to oil price is found.

The Agrarian Reform as a Mode of Use in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (KSCS)/Yugoslavia and Bulgaria (1919–1939)

Author(s): Sia Nikiforova / Language(s): English Issue: 3-4/2024

The present study traces the development of an important issue in the interwar history of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes/Yugoslavia and Bulgaria, namely the land issue and the reforms related to it. The author compares the policy of the governments in both countries regarding the so-called “agrarian reform” and reveals that no real reform was carried out. Based on the analytical historiography on the issue and fragmentary statistical and archival sources, the conclusion is made that an agrarian reform, which includes basic economic transformations, guaranteeing growth in the agricultural sector, such as the creation of profitable and competitive farms, or the imposition of technical and scientific innovations, did not actually take place. What the Yugoslav and Bulgarian authorities were doing was taking into account the main and leading political problem after the First World War – for the former, the creation of a new state, and for the latter, the exit from the severe postwar socio-economic crisis.

Relacje pomiędzy wspólnotami komunikatywnymi nierównorzędnymi (XVI–XVIII w.) na materiale dokumentów cechowych

Author(s): Iwona Pałucka-Czerniak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 12/2024

This article has been devoted to the mechanisms of influencing superior communities on language behaviour in subordinate communities, as part of official, formal, including legal and legislative behaviour. The texts preserving these simple and complex speech acts were created in a small urban communicative community over a period of about two centuries. It refers to the creation, transfer, consolidation and modification of patterns of linguistic behaviour produced for the needs of the craftsmen’s community, exemplified by preserved official documents of the Krakow brewers’ guild from the 16th–18th centuries. The analysis was based on the theory of communicative communities and communicative needs. Selected lexis and phraseology as well as genre determinants of the preserved texts, conditioned by the socio-historical context, were subjected to observation. The conclusions from the analysis present a direct relationship between the hierarchy of the social structure and the text, genre and language of the preserved documents.

Дунайская проблема в системе международных отношений в XVIII – первой половине ХХ века: правовые, экономические и политические аспекты

Author(s): Tatiana V. Volokitina / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2025

The article highlights the main milestones of the history of the Danube problem and the formalization of the international legal regime of the major waterway of Central and South-Eastern Europe in the 18th – first half of the 20th century. Special attention is paid to the period of the Second world war and the post-war peace settlement. Based on the documents of the Russian archives, the plans of the western allies to ensure their political and economic dominance in the Danube basin, in particular the re-establishment of an internationalized river regime under the control of non-coastal states, are shown, analyzed «factor Danube» in connection with sharp discussions on determining the nature of governments in Bulgaria and Romania at the stage of signing the Armistice Agreements and attempts by the West to equalize the capabilities of coastal and non-coastal countries in solving problems Danube Management. Materials of the sessions of the Council of Foreign Ministers (CMF) in London, Paris, New York, Paris Peace Conference are presented. The preparation of the Danube conference of 1948 in Belgrade, the development of a coherent position of the people’s democratic states were studied, the atmosphere of discussion and adoption of the Belgrade Convention was reproduced. The conclusion is made about the relevance of the Danube problem today, reflecting, as in the past, cooperation and rivalry, strategic risks, different «statuses» and the capabilities of the Danube states and their various national interests.

Prikazi i osvrti

Author(s): Jakov Blagojević,Alen Moslavac,Siniša Đuričić,Milan Vrbanus / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 24/2024

Reviews of: 1. Dinko ŠOKČEVIĆ: Kratka povijest Hrvata u Mađarskoj (Budimpešta: Croatica, 2021). 223 str. ISBN 978-61-5601-426-9. 2. Dijana PINJUH, Anđelko VLAŠIĆ: Tragom Evlije Čelebija kroz Hercegovački sandžak (Zagreb: Srednja Europa, 2023). 290 str. ISBN 978-953-8281-85-3. 3. Ekonomska i ekohistorija / Economicand Ecohistory – Časopis za gospodarsku povijest i povijest okoliša, broj 18 (Zagreb – Samobor, 2022). 119 str. ISSN 1845-5867 (Tisak); 1849-0190 (Online). 4. Znanstvena radionica „Izazovi i važnost istraživanja kartografske građe Slavonije iz razdoblja ranog novog vijeka“, Vukovar 4.-6. rujna 2023.

Scrinia Slavonica: godišnjak Podružnice za povijest Slavonije

Author(s): Marija Kanižaj / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 66/2024

Review of: Scrinia Slavonica: godišnjak Podružnice za povijest Slavonije, Srijema i Baranje Hrvatskog instituta za povijest 23 (2023), 465 stranica

Politica fiscală a domnilor fanarioți față de așezămintele religioase. Studiu de caz: mănăstirile Cotroceni, Radu Vodă și Mihai Vodă

Author(s): Mariana Lazăr / Language(s): Romanian Issue: XLII/2024

The history of medieval Romanian taxation was a complex one, not yet enough understood. In what the monasteries are concerned, whereas they initially benefited from tax immunity, over time certain contributions began being imposed on them. After 1720, in direct relation to the growing financial needs of the Phanariot rulers, the taxes imposed on the monasteries were both diversified and increased. The documents regarding the budgets of the monasteries Cotroceni, Radu Vodă and Mihai Vodă contain detailed information about the taxes personal, real and extraordinary that were paid not only by these monasteries, but also by all other similar institutions between 1730 and 1740. Thus, taxes that had previously been only exceptional, became annual taxes under the Phanariot reigns, some being even collected twice in a year, whenever there was a change of ruler or when the demands of the Turks became pressing.The quantum of these taxes paid by the monasteries to the country’s treasury demonstrates the excessive taxation of that era. The serious consequences on their situation determine Prince Constantin Mavrocordat to give them exception from the taxes (1741). Later, due to increased financial needs, the successors of Constantin Mavrocordat reimposed the monasteries to pay the taxes. In 1775, Prince Alexandru Ipsilanti exempted the monasteries from paying taxes, instead asking them to pay a contribution proportional with their wealth in order to finance the schools. Although the monasteries were exempt from paying taxes by a number of princely charters, nevertheless at later dates they were asked to contribute towards the wellbeing of the country, whenever the need required it.

Addenda et corrigenda

Author(s): Petronel Zahariuc / Language(s): Romanian Issue: XLII/2024

More than a quarter of a century ago, Florin Marinescu published a partial photograph (missing the last three lines) of a Slavic-Romanian document issued by the ruler of Moldavia, Petru II. Two years after the last edition, in 1998, the document was transcribed and translated by Valentin Constantinov, being "collated together with Professor Dr. Ioan Caproșu."

Noutăți editoriale

Author(s): / Language(s): English,Romanian,French,German,Hungarian Issue: XLII/2024

Editorial news.Recent Publications.

Migratorni, strateški I ideološki aspekt povratka na selo u savremenoj Srbiji

Author(s): Lazar Barać,Anđelka Živojinović,Jelena Ćuković / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 2/2024

Returning to the countryside is a complex concept that we frequently encounter during fieldwork, and its presence is becoming increasingly pronounced in public discourse. This paper aims to map and contextualize the migratory, strategic and ideological aspects of returning to the countryside, since environmental migrations, caused by environmental degradation, often serve as a framework for considering rural areas as an alternative to urban life. In the context of the Republic of Serbia, the return to the countryside has been institutionalized through rural development policies designed for demographic renewal and the revitalization of villages. However, the various aspects of returning to the countryside cannot be reduced solely to economic or environmental factors. They are intertwined with ideological narratives that also play a significant role. These narratives depict the countryside as a bastion of „authentic” values. In this respect, rural areas are represented and instrumentalized within a broader discourse of a return to tradition and „nature”, standing in opposition to urbanization and modernization.

Regionalna saradnja na Balkanskom poluostrvu početkom XX i XXI veka: sličnosti i razlike

Author(s): Dragan R. Simić,Dragan Đukanović,Dragan Živojinović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 10/2021

The authors of this paper highlight the main trends in the origin and development of regional initiatives in the Balkans since the beginning of the XXI century (the Balkan Pact and the Little Entente), as well as the similarities and differences with today’s dominant forms of multilateral cooperation in this region of Europe (particularly the Regional Cooperation Council, the Berlin Process and the “Open Balkans”). Therefore, the authors will indicate the international influences on the configuration of regional cooperation in the Balkans over the aforementioned periods, as well as how much it is affected by the complexity of relations between the regional states and their internal circumstances. Furthermore, they will discuss how the historical divisions among the Balkan states are reflected in the dynamics of regional cooperation. In this regard, they point out certain parallels between the organizational forms of cooperation in the region, their working methods, and internal procedures around the turn of the century and the previous century.

XI Дриновски четения

Author(s): Mihail Stanchev,Sergey Strashniuk / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2025

INDUSTRIJALIZACIJA GRADA OSIJEKA: POSEBAN OSVRT NA PRVE DVIJE FAZE INDUSTRIJSKOGA RAZVOJA

Author(s): Zvjezdana Penava Brekalo / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1/2022

In the second half of the 19th century and at the beginning of the 20th century, the city of Osijek had been ranked as second in Croatia by the demographic indicators and the economic potenitials. In the period stated there had been several respectable companies founded, that were among the greatest companies in the Croatian national territory ( the brewery, the match factory, the leather factory, the gasworks, the furniture factory, the flax factory, the sugar factory, the chocolate factory, the soap factory, the biscuit factory and other companies). Based on the archives and the relevant literature, in this paper the authoress presents the industrialization process in the city of Osijek in the course of the first two phases of the industrial development, referring to the craft and manufacture phase, lasting from 1853 to 1870, and to the railway stage, lasting from 1870 to 1918. Thereby the significance of the city on the Drava River is pointed out as being the economic center of Slavonia and the whole Eastern Croatia.