Tschechoslowakei - Das Nachfolgespiel
Mehrere Anwärter scharren in den Startlöchern, um sich im Augenblick von Gustav Husaks Abgang die beste Ausgangsposition für die Führung der KPTsch zu sichern.
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Mehrere Anwärter scharren in den Startlöchern, um sich im Augenblick von Gustav Husaks Abgang die beste Ausgangsposition für die Führung der KPTsch zu sichern.
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In den letzten Jahren hat es in der ungarischen Parteiführung einige Revirements und Personalrochaden gegeben. Wie alles im ungarischen politischen Herrschaftssystem, geschah dies leise und unauffällig. Fast so unspektakulär, daß es wieder einmal beinahe unterging: nach wie vor hält man Ungarn für einen der stabilen Pole des Ostblocks. Im Frühling 1985 geschah aber sehr viel im ungarischen innenpolitischen Leben. So viel Dichte der Ereignisse ist man in diesem trägen politischen System nicht gewohnt. Der Parteikongreß im März war neben den Parlamentswahlen im Mai das bedeutendste Ereignis des politischen Kalenders. Zweifellos wurden hier von der Führungsgarnitur die Weichen für die Zukunft — sprich: die Nach-Kadar-Ära - gestellt.
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Diesen Winter verbringen die meisten Rumänen fröstelnd in ihren Wohnungen. 40-Watt-Glühbirnen beleuchten die Trostlosigkeit in den Heimen, 25-Watt-Funsen erhellen die Straßen. Wenn der Strom nicht ohnedies abgesperrt wird. Die Schwierigkeiten mit der Energieversorgung verschärften sich in den letzten Monaten weiterhin: Kürzung des Fernsehprogrammes und Fahrverbot an jedem zweiten Sonntag sind Begleiterscheinungen, an die man sich bereits gewöhnt hat. Auch auf dem Lebensmittelsektor schlägt die Krise voll durch. Basisnahrungsmittel wie Fleisch, Geflügel, Speiseöl, Milch und Zucker sind nur mehr auf Lebensmittelkarten, strikt rationiert, an fix vorgegebenen Verkaufsstellen erhältlich. Laut einem Bericht im Wirtschaftsmagazin »trend« vom Dezember 1983 sind die Rationen auch alles andere als üppig: in Siebenbürgen unter anderem ein halbes Kilo Schweinefleisch, ein Viertelkilo Rindfleisch, ein Huhn und elf Eier pro Monat. Wobei die — oftmals — sehr miese Qualität noch unberücksichtigt bleibt.
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Der überzeugte Rude-Pravo-Leser, der täglich die Seiten des Organs der KPC auf der Suche nach irgendwas mit Neuigkeitswert oder einer seltenen Probe journalistischen Talents durchblättert, ist ein Märtyrer seiner/ihrer Aufgabe. Das abgehärtete Forschungsteam von Radio Free Europę kann sogar aus unscheinbaren Zeilen im Sportteil minimale Politikänderungen oder Zeichen der Uneinigkeit herauslesen. Aber für die meisten hingebungsvollen Bewunderer der Rude Právo hat sie dieselbe Funktion wie sonst der Vitamingehalt eines Müslis. Aber ab und zu wird der Rude-Pravo-Leser mit einer Überraschung belohnt, die von keinem Wekkamin erreicht wird.
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Review of: Jörg K. Hoensch: Geschichte Ungarns 1867-1983. Verlag W. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 1984, 287 Seiten, öS 500.-/DM 64.- David Marples - Danylo Shumuk: Life Sentence. Memoirs of a Ukrainian Political Prisoner. Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies, 352 Athabasca Hall, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E8, 1984, 401 Seiten, Kanadische Dollar 14.95 Barbara Dietz (Hrsg): Zukunftsperspektiven der Sowjetunion. Programm und Wirklichkeit. C.H. Beck, München 1984, 200 Seiten, öS 154.40/ DM 19.80 Cronid Lubarsky (Hrsg): List of Political Prisoners in the USSR. USSR News Brief, München, 325 Seiten Herman Kahn: Nachdenken über den Atomkrieg. Konflikt-Szenarios mit simulierten Situationen im Dienste der Friedensstrategie. Scherz Verlag, Bern und München 1984, 318 Seiten International Helsinki Federation for Human Rights (Hg.): A Report from the International Helsinki Federation for Human Rights. Violations of the Helsinki Accords: August 1983 - September 1984, 195 Seiten, US-Dollar 8.- Edvard Kardelj: Der Übermacht zum Trotz. Erinnerungen an Jugoslawiens Kampf um Anerkennung und Souveränität 1944-1957. Mit einem Vorwort von Dr. Bruno Kreisky. Drava Verlag, Klagenfurt/Celovec und Editoriak stampa Triestina, 1984, 206 Seiten Milo Dor/Reinhard Federmann: Internationale Zone. Medusa, Wien 1984, 223 Seiten Dietrich Frenzke: Verträge der UdSSR über Freundschaft und Zusammenarbeit. Analyse und Dokumentation. Berlin Verlag, Berlin 1983, 276 Seiten, öS 296,40/DM 38.- Helga Hirsch: Bewegungen für Demokratie und Unabhängigkeit in Polen 1976-1980. Matthias-Grünewald-Verlag, Mainz 1985, 176 Seiten, öS 171.60/DM 22.- Michael Friedländer: Die ungarische Wirtschaftsreform. Wiener Institut für Internationale Wirtschaftsvergleiche. Forschungsbericht 99. Wien 1984, 78 Seiten Ilse Grosser: Der Neue Ökonomische Mechanismus in Bulgarien. Wiener Institut für Internationale Wirtschaftsvergleiche. Forschungsbericht 98. Wien 1984, 82 Seiten Klaus Bednarz: Mein Moskau. Notizen aus der Sowjetunion. Hoffmann und Campe, Hamburg 1985, 264 Seiten, öS 232.40/DM 29.80
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This research work contribute to the never ending debate in the finance-growth literature by examining the complimentary and substitution effects of banks and stock market as they both affect economic growth in Nigeria. A revisit of this subject matter is necessary to check the preparedness of Nigeria’s financial system to key into the global finance goal of ‘financialization’ and also to overcome financial issues militating against her economic growth. Dwelling on the issues of sustainability and liquidity which is paramount for the gains of financial development to translate to economic growth, linear and interaction models that equate bank, stock market and growth variables to economic growth are specified and estimated. Particularly, our findings reveal the importance and strength of the value of stock traded to economic growth when it interacts with bank variables and when on its own. Contrary to previous studies in developed countries, substitution effects are observed in the short run while complimentary effects are observed in the long run. It is believed that this could have been caused by too much of government intervention and control. We therefore recommend an institutional-centric approach for Nigeria’s financial system.
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The Revolution in February of 1917 gave an opportunity to fulfill the long-standing request of the Russian Orthodox Church for independence from the state. Cultural, church and public figures started a discussion about the new status of the church and models of interaction between the church and the authorities, which revealed the readiness of the enlightened circles of Russian society for the separation of church and state. The objective of the article was to analyze all the models of church-state relations proposed in the first half of 1917 and to track the evolution of the request. The purpose of the article was to answer the question, what models of church-state relations were presented in the first half of the year, and how the emphases and priorities were set. The answer would help to suggest that the decree of the Council of People’s Commissars on the separation of church and state and the separation of school and church (1918) only consolidated the internal readiness of many people to make religion a private matter of citizens, with the Orthodox Church being only one of public organizations. Today, it is important to restore religious consciousness in society as a guarantor of social stability, morality and traditional ethics, so, there is a search for mechanisms of interaction between the church and state structures. This indicates the need to address the question of what contributed to the destruction of the church-state union that existed before 1917. The sources were books and articles of cultural, public and church figures published in the first half of the XX century. The study methodology included the problem-based chronological method, the genetic historical method and narrative analysis. The analysis of the content of the proposed church-state interaction models in republican Russia of 1917 showed that from March to June the theocratic model of the early century disappeared from public view. It also confirmed that during the discussion the request for church independence was replaced with the idea of the complete separation of church and state with the gradual expulsion of church beyond cultural and social boundaries
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The study investigates the economic growth in Central and Eastern Europe in the last 25 years. The economy can be regarded as a substantial topic in any country, but it is even more interesting in developing countries. One of the basic ideas of the European Union is the convergence between member states, namely the reduction of development disparities, which can be achieved through faster economic growth in less‑developed countries. Growth theory is one of the main topics in economics. Its significant importance is because the desire for development is one of the main driving forces of mankind. The aim of the study is to reveal the crucial differences and common features between the growth paths of the eleven Central and Eastern European member states of the European Union. After presenting growth theories, the growth performance of the examined Central and Eastern European member states is pinpointed. During the research, GDP per capita, population, migration, activity rate, employment rate, unemployment rate, foreign direct investment and foreign trade openness are considered.
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Objective: The article discusses a somewhat forgotten theory of the German economist Silvio Gesell concerning money free from interest, and even charged for its possession, i.e. the Gesell tax. The article presents the escape from money and whether investment in real estate is justified, as well as the limitations of such investment. Research Design & Methods: The author analyses the subject literature. The theoretical issues presented in S. Gesell’s source works were interpreted in the light of contemporary economic processes and theoretical studies on his work. Findings: One of the modern expressions of Gesell’s theory is negative nominal interest rates, which have become a contemporary policy tool. While until recently even the theoretical application of such a tool was rarely considered, it has now become an important consideration in the economic reality of many economies. The natural defence of those with savings is to flee money that is burdened with fees. Real estate investment is an alternative vehicle to cash, though it is not without its limitations. Implications / Recommendations: Negative nominal interest rates have become a monetary policy tool, and there are indeed conditions that justify their use. However, it is natural for those with free cash to run away from “taxed” negative cash flows into investments that will maintain the value of their capital. One such investment is investing in real estate, though it is not without its limitations. Contribution: The author discusses the Gesell tax, a rarely analysed theory that has a contemporary, practical expression. He links it with real estate, a subject that is widely discussed today.
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Our study investigates the recessions that can be identified in Romania within the 1995-2016 timeframe. Technically three such occurrences have been recorded, but as the last two are very close we can say there was two major recessions. Our study investigates certain similarities and differences between the recessions as they appeared and disappeared. We also analyze parts of the economic policies as are they found within the components of GDP. The conclusions attempt to identify some predictable issues regarding Romania's future recession.
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The COVID 19 pandemic has once again exposed a number of important risks and problems for the world's economies. Although the present analyzes of the literature are more and more often aggregated between fields, emphasizing the capacity of digitalization and international relations to improve the transition to the circular economy, resilience speaks not only of positive aspects but also of vulnerabilities. Thus, the article deals with the link between vulnerabilities and capacities of the socio-economic domain at EU27 level. The study uses Eurostat data for the period 2011-2020, systematized in the panel form. The results once again demonstrate the need to strengthen public support for health and education, for research and development, in order to reduce socio-economic vulnerabilities at EU27 level, demonstrating the need to correlate policy efforts with results.
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Review of: Petra SOMEK - JOSIP TOMEC, VIRJE – NARODNI ŽIVOT I OBIČAJI, UR. DRAGUTIN FELETAR, ODSJEK ZA ETNOLOGIJU HAZU, ZAGREB, 2021., 494 STR.
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Review of: Petar FELETAR - VJENCESLAV HEROUT, ŽELJKO KARAULA, POVIJEST DARUVARA, UR. VLADIMIR STRUGAR, ZAVOD ZA ZNANSTVENOISTRAŽIVAČKI I UMJETNIČKI RAD HAZU U BJELOVARU, ZAGREB-BJELOVAR-DARUVAR, 2021., 516 STR.
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Review of: Sanja Grakalić Plenković - Radovan Tadej, Vjekoslava Jurdana. 2021. Putovima Pavla Vidasa: O životu, putovanju i pisanju jednog iseljenika. Zagreb: Institut za migracije i narodnosti; Škrljevo: Katedra Čakavskog sabora „Bakarskoga kraja“. 299 str. ISBN 978-953-6028-49-8.
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Born in Bucharest in 1883, Constantin Angelescu was a Romanian lawyer, banker and politician, a member of the Conservative Democratic, National Peasant and National Renaissance Front parties. He was several times a member of the governments of the parties mentioned above. In 1930, when he was a Secretary of State with the Ministry of the Interior, he was the victim of a failed assassination attempt. On several occasions, he was also the Governor of the National Bank of Romania. In this capacity, in 1944, he coordinated the operations aimed to evacuate the central bank's gold reserve to the Tismana Monastery. Between 1950 and 1955, he was imprisoned by the communist authorities together with other former dignitaries. After his release, he was exiled and lived in Măzăreni, in the Bărăgan fields, until 1957. He died in 1973.
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Review of: Tihomir Cipek - Andreas Reckwitz, Das Ende der Illusion. Politik, Ökonomie und Kultur in der Spätmoderne Suhrkamp, Berlin, 2019., 305 str.
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Review of: Zlatko Kudelić - C. Scott Dixon, Beat Kümin, eds., Interpreting Early Modern Europe, London, New York: Routledge, 2020, 526 stranica
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The sufferings of the Jewish people reach far back into the past. One of them occurred in the first half of the 6th century before Christ when many Jews were, for the first time, taken from their homes to the area of one part of the Babylonian empire and created the original Jewish diaspora. They were slaves there up until the second half of the very same century when the Persian emperor granted them their return to the homeland. From then up until the arrival of the first Jewish families to the Daruvar area, a lot has happened. Their way of life changed. After they arrived to Daruvar, they toured the villages as tradespeople, purchased and sold cheaper items. Over time, small-time traders and businessmen appeared among them. Later on, there were doctors, lawyers, and politicians. They became role models for other citizens with their work ethic because they contributed to the entire economy of the Daruvar region. Jews left a deep trace in Daruvar up until World War II. Their contribution is still visible today, in a time when Daruvar counts only a few individuals of Jewish descent. This portrayal casts more light on their inadequately investigated contribution to the Daruvar area.
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