Ідеї фізичної економії в організації сучасної системи господарювання

Author(s): Lyudmila Vorobiova / Language(s): Ukrainian / Issue: 25/2015

The subject of the research is the formation and development of ideas of physical economy, which reflects the relationship of social and environmental factors in economic life.The methodological basis of the research is the general civilization approach to the study of the history of economic ideas and economic development of the science as a whole.The article systematically researches the question of Ukrainian School of Physical Economy genesis and evolution. Into its formation and development it has been analyzed the contribution of Ukrainian researchers S. Podolynsky, V. Vernadsky, N.Rudenko. A new paradigm of civilization development, which worked out by Ukrainian scientist S.Podolynsky and based on the energy theory, was defined. He connects the progress of society with the growth of the energy budget of each person and humanity as a whole. The article disclosed the development of physical economy ideas by other Ukrainian and foreign scientists. The practical usage analysis of these ideas is also given.

Інституціональна економічна теорія: сутність та витоки

Author(s): Alina Maha / Language(s): Ukrainian / Issue: 26/2015

Crisis in the science of economy as well as in the system of social sciences in general, which was caused by general civilizingchanges in the society, demands transfer from the usage of methodology of classical general science paradigm to the principles ofcivilized analysis and changes of scientific paradigm of economic research.Degree research paper aims to determine methodological origins of institutional economic theory on the basis of the civilizedparadigm of social science.Subject of degree research paper is formation and development of methodological bases of institutional economic theory andperiods of its evolution.Methodology of carrying out the work. Methodological basis of research includes systematic approach to the analysis of economicoccurrences and processes. In investigating methodological bases of institutional economic theory it was used historico-genetic method anda series of general scientific research methods such as dialectics, scientific abstraction, analysis and design, deduction and induction.Theoretical basis for thesis research is the civilized paradigm of social development serving as the basis for modern economic science.Sphere of the results usage. Theoretical propositions and conclusions, formulated in the article, extend understanding of subjectmatter of evolution of institutional economic theory bases and have theoretical and practical meaning for working out syllabus,lectures and seminars for students at the departments of economy.Conclusions. Nowadays institutional economic theory is enough diverse and comprehensive teaching which has recently turnedinto one of possible alternatives to modern mainstream. Consequently it demands following systematic, complex methodologicalresearch based on principles of the civilzed analysis. This research is expected to give a possibility to overcome a gap betweentheory and practice and to reflect actual changes in economic sphere and society in general.

Історико-економічний аналіз співробітництва Міжнародного валютного фонду та України в розрізі сучасних викликів

Author(s): Volodymyr Studinski,Karina Roshkar / Language(s): Ukrainian / Issue: 44/2020

The article an attempt was made to trace the historical path of cooperation between Ukraine and the International Monetary Fund from the early 1990s, when Ukraine gained independence, to the present. The purpose of the International Monetary Fund's activity has been defined in Article I of the Fund's Statute and is to promote: international monetary cooperation; expansion and balanced growth of international trade;exchange rate stability, maintenance of proper exchange between participants; the creation of a multilateral system of payments for current transactions between members and the elimination of currency restrictions that impede the growth of world trade; reduction of terms and degree of imbalance of participants' balance of payments. The main task of Ukraine's cooperation with the International Monetary Fund is financial support and development of the economy as a whole, as well as its restructuring from a planned administrative type to a market one. In addition, Ukraine has been experiencing a difficult period since 2014 in the context of military conflict with the Russian Federation, as well as the loss of part of its territories that played an appropriate economic role in the country's life. The International Monetary Fund has become a major donor in such a difficult environment.The International Monetary Fund is a unique organization in the world in the number and diversity of member countries, while maintaining the status of a lender of last resort in the event of financial crises.The International Monetary Fund provides foreign currency loans to Member States for two purposes: to cover the balance of payments deficit (actually to replenish official foreign exchange reserves) and to support macroeconomic stabilization and structural adjustment of the economy (lending to government budget expenditures). As a result of the study, the authors concluded that Ukraine's cooperation with the IMF had several historical stages, characterized by its specificity and peculiarities. Also, cooperation between Ukraine and the International Monetary Fund has both positive and negative points. At the same time, without such cooperation, it is difficult, and often impossible, for Ukraine to maintain its balance of payments, forcing the country to continue working together with this reputable world institution.

Історичний аспект у дослідженні сутності іпотечного кредитування

Author(s): Anastasia Marachevskaya / Language(s): Ukrainian / Issue: 23/2013

The purpose of the article are the study of economic and legal preconditions for the appearance of the modern mortgage system in the world as well as in Ukraine and the selection of the main stages and historical events in the development of world market of the mortgage.The history of the mortgage in the ancient world (Ancient Greece and the Roman Empire) and its development in the 21st century have been considered in this article. Also, the main historical features of the development of the mortgage in Ukraine until today have been presented. The modern model of Ukrainian mortgage market with an indication of the main features, fluence's factors and the preconditions for further development has been designed by the author. As a result, according to the author's opinion, the main negative factors for the development of the mortgage in Ukraine are: low income of the population, conditions of loans, the limitation of the long-term free financial resources of banks and others.Based on the studied material, the author has been allocated modern characteristics of the mortgage market of each of the selected countries. Also, the authors has been defined the modern factors that affect on the mortgage system, has been formed modern model of Ukrainian mortgage market, which is in a constant stage and has quite a few negative points today.

Цінова політика і боротьба із приватним ринком як причини голодомору 1932-33 рр.

Author(s): Larisa Yepik,Eduard Semeshyn / Language(s): Ukrainian / Issue: 07/2019

The authors of the article have studied and analyzed the pricing policy of the Soviet government in the second half of the 1920s and early 1930s in Ukraine, which has not been the subject of special studies so far. The scientific studies on the selected topic are characterized in terms of their historical relevance. Critical analysis of the economic concepts of the leaders of the Bolshevik Party has been given, the relationship between the party struggle and the changes in the economic foundations of the Bolshevik policy have been analyzed. It has been established that the price policy in the 20-30s of the 20th century in Ukraine was directly dependent on ideological guidelines and was not justified by economic indicators. It has been proved that the main methods of price management were direct administration, which in most cases led to negative results, or gave a short-term positive effect. The authors emphasize that it was the lack of economically feasible model of price policy and, in general, the system of development of industry and agriculture that led to the search for «internal enemies» and, as a consequence, fighting against the kulaks, which, in fact, resulted in the struggle against the peasantry in general. The establishment of collective farms was the only possible system of total control over them and deprivation of their economic and political rights. The authors analyze the causes and consequences of the grain procurement crises of the second half of the 1920s in terms of attempts of the Bolshevik authorities to influence the price policy and thus prove the ineffectiveness of the Bolshevik system of economic management. The main methods and measures of the Bolsheviks’ fight against the private market, which became one of the main causes of artificial famine, were investigated in detail. On the basis of a wide range of sources, the forms and methods of carrying out the replacement of the market model of the economy by the distribution system were analyzed, and the relationship between the economic policy of the Soviet government and the 1932-1933 Holodomor in Ukraine was established. The authors emphasize that the famine, which involved not only the village but also the city, was provoked by the political and economic transformations of the communist rule. The article presents a critical analysis of the main solid works on the topic of research, quotes from documents that directly reveal the real state of the then price policy and struggle with the private market.

Частният кредит в Свищов в периода от Освобождението до войните (1912–1918) – общ преглед

Author(s): Margarita Marinova / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 1/2017

The survey provides an overview of the private credit institutions in Svishtov in the period 1878-1912. The number of commercial and banking houses presented on the credit market, the sources of their capital and their role for the economic development of the city are specified. A brief overview of the history and activities of the two Svishtov Savings Joint Stock Companies is made. The question why no private joint-stock bank is established in Svishtov is explored.

Черная металлургия и металлообработка на территории междуречья Верхнего Прута и Среднего Днестра в Х—ХІІІ вв.

Author(s): Igor P. Voznyj / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 6/2017

The article deals with the development of one of the leading sectors of ancient crafts, namely the ferrous metallurgy. The author analyzed iron-complexes on the territory between the Upper Prut and Middle Dniester, based on the characteristic of workshops related to the extraction and processing of bog ore, such as laminitis in Lenkovtsy, Chernovka, Klishkovtsy. It is postulated that the ore mining and iron production remained predominantly rural activity. One of the centers of iron processing was in Lenkovtsy on the Prut, where 16 “pitfalls” for firing ore were found. Iron-forges ground type, facilities, warehouses for storage of ball iron were revealed. The author analyzes workshops that processed pig iron, namely the blacksmith shops in Revno (10th century), Chernovka (12th — early 13th centuries.). Tools of blacksmiths and locksmiths are characterized and typology of household items related to the steel industry is offered.

Чий е бронзът с типовете „кръгъл щит//кипселе“ от разкопките на тракийското селище, наричано „емпорион Пистирос“

Author(s): Boryana Russeva / Language(s): English,Bulgarian / Issue: 25/2020

The paper presents the extremely interesting bronze coin of the types of round shield // two-handled cup (kypsele, kotyle, diota) (Fig. 1a–1b) discovered in 1996 during the archaeological excavations of the Thracian settlement located in the area of Adzhiyska Vodenitsa near the village (now a town) of Vetren, Septemvri Municipality, better known as “Emporion Pistiros”. Grounded on both informative types known as parasema, the author tries to interpret (issuer and time of minting) this unique bronze issue – an allusion of the Odrysian Royal court from the first half of the 4th c. BC under Seuthes II, Kotys I and their successors via the unambiguous presence of the cult cup – the kypsele or kotyle decorating the reverses of their coins.

Щрихи от портрета на наемните работници в чифлиците от XVII - средата на XVIII век

Author(s): Stefka Parveva / Language(s): English,Bulgarian / Publication Year: 0

The paper aims to add some elements to the portrait of hired workers (ter oglani, irgat) or share croppers (ortakci) in the askeri cifliks. The inheritance documents of several men and one woman who had died in the cifliks present a rare opportunity to examine aspects of the life of this category of people. The inheritance inventories (terke/ muhalleft defters) of these people were registered in the kadi court registers of the towns of Sofia, Vidin and Ruscuk (mod. Rousse). The first part of the paper analyses the main elements of the contractual relations between ciflik owners and the people they had hired and taxation of the workers. The second part of the paper examines some aspects of the portrait of these workers, based on a structural analysis of inheritance inventories of their representatives, who were either peasants or town dwellers.

Эволюция системы местных финансов в США

Author(s): Viktoriia Chekina / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 24/2015

Article is devoted to the evolution of the local finance in the USA. The purpose of this paper is to reveal the main historical stages of development of the local finance system in the United States and to identify the causes and factors that led to the transformation of the system in different periods of the state existence.It was used the methods of analysis and synthesis, economic generalizations. The research methodology is based on a thorough analysis of the foreign scientists’ works on public finance, websites of statistical information about taxation in the USA.The article describes the process of formation and development of the local finance system in the USA. The main sources of local budgets in the historical aspect and by type of revenue were analyzed. Property taxes, income taxes, sales taxes, other local taxes and fees, non-tax revenues to local governments, and intergovernmental payments were considered.The main result of the study is to identify the causes and factors that affect to the transformation of the local taxation system in USA, major among which can be considered a reduction in the volume of and an increase in the role of the service sector,demographic changes and internal displacement by region of the country.The article will be useful for a wide range of experts in the field of public finance, local taxation, etc.

Экологическая обстановка в губернских (областных) центрах России и городское хозяйство в XX в. (по материалам Пензы, Рязани и Тамбова)

Author(s): A. Yu. Ilyin,Valery Vladimirovich Kanischev / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 15/2016

The authors identify two main stages in the environmental history of typical regional capitals of Russia. The first is called sanitary-ecological stage. It was a continuation of the development is not yet obsolete by the beginning of 20th century features of traditional agricultural city. Its main characteristic was the depletion of traditional natural environment on (almost complete felling of the forests within the city limits, the shallowing of the rivers that flowed through the city), the pollution of urban areas waste long continuing agricultural production within the city limits, as well as household waste. A special test of strength for the city services have been the circumstances of the periods of the First World War, the Civil war and the Great Patriotic war. These circumstances revealed insufficient capacity of city services to sustain in the extreme conditions of normal sanitary conditions. The second stage is called technogenic-ecological stage. The main manifestation of the negative impact of human society on the environment was the pollution of the cities not only industrial emissions, but also waste of city services (thermal power enterprises, urban transport, sewerage, etc.). The article emphasizes that in cities like Penza, Ryazan, Tambov the first period lasted until the 1960-s. In 1960–1980-ies were dominant anthropogenic pressures of industry and city services. In the 1990-s, with the decline of industrial production the biggest environmental problems generated in the enterprises of city services. At the end of 20th century there appeared new means of control over urban environment. Such funds as would have stressed the urgency of ecological problems, historic medium-sized Russian cities, which combined the remnants of traditional pre-industrial nature exploitation and the contradictions of contemporary urbanization.

ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИЕ АСПЕКТЫ СОЦИАЛЬНОЙ СПРАВЕДЛИВОСТИ В ПРАКТИКАХ ТРАДИЦИОННЫХ ДОМОХОЗЯЙСТВ КОЛЬСКОГО ПОЛУОСТРОВА

На основе анализа этнографической литературы конца XIX – начала ХХ века, фольклорных и архив- ных источников рассмотрены историко-культурный контекст и современное бытование специфиче- ского субъективного концепта социальной справедливости в экономик

Author(s): Medeya V. Ivanova,Olga V. Shabalina / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 2/2020

Экономические предпосылки революционной ситуации 1917 года в России (по материалам публикаций англо-американских советологов)

Author(s): Iryna Viktorovna Boiko / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 30/2020

At the beginning of the 20th century, substantial economic problems accumulating in Russian society brought the country to profound political transformations. Industrialization began at the turn of the century and required substantial financial resources from expanded grain exports, an important export for foreign markets. However, low labor productivity in the Russian agricultural sector, along with unsuccessful reforms and a drastically diminished rural population due to urban migration, temporary harvest failures, and high taxes, squeezed the life of agrarians. Consequently, the food supply in the national economy and foreign markets encountered a harsh challenge. Despite the urgent need to modernize agricultural production, the main aim of Russian industrialization embraced coal production, metallurgy, and transportation, especially railroad construction. Significant dependence on foreign supplies of equipment and tools reduced the rate of Russian economic independence and became one main constraint on economic modernization. Another problem was substantial state financial support for developing industrial and transportation systems, with the construction of the Trans-Siberian Railroad as one of the most financially consuming, contributing to the state budget deficit and corruption. The First World War revealed substantial economic distortions, especially enormous dependence on foreign aid and low productivity. Rapidly spreading economic chaos brought the country to profound political transformations.

Экономическое значение и попытки регулирования зарубежной трудовой миграции на западных окраинах Российской империи (конец XIX — начало XX века)

Author(s): Andrey Aleksandrovich Ivanov,Aleksandr Eduardovich Kotov / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 30/2020

This paper investigates foreign labor migration from the Western region of the Russian empire, which from the late 19th to early 20th century provided the most economic emigrants. Special emphasis is placed on labor migration to overseas countries (USA, Argentina, Brazil, etc.). The authors consider the impact of temporary labor migration on agriculture, land-utilization, and other economic sectors of this region. They also study attempts of local and central authorities to work out an official position on regulating labor migration. The essay introduces new sources that allow us to refine our understanding of the attitude of Russian authorities towards labor migration. The authors conclude that the wide scale of labor migration and financial means invested into the regional economy made the authorities reconsider their attitude about letting parts of the population of western provinces go abroad to make a decent livelihood. Realizing that on a national scale labor migration was an undesirable phenomenon, the authorities had no choice but to acknowledge that for its western regions, its role was largely positive: it reduced social tension, mitigated competition for job opportunities, improved the local population’s wellbeing, and provided a solution to the problem of land scarcity and enabled implementation of the Stolypin’s agrarian program in the region. All of this, along with a shadow economy around emigration, led authorities to find ways of legalization and legal response to foreign labor migration. Discussion of these issues showed that incoherence, lack of a clear understanding of measures for regulating labor migration, and differences in departmental vested interests prevented implementing meaningful solutions before World War I, which put an end to both the movement of labor across the western border and the development of a regulatory environment.

Эмиссии Василия I Македонянина и их историческое значение

Author(s): Mikhail M. Choref / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 1(supp)/2015

Уже не первое поколение нумизматов приурочивает к правлению Василия I Македонянина денежную реформу, в результате которой в денежное обращение Таврики поступили относительно крупные литые монеты нового типа с «крестом на Голгофе» на реверсе165 (рис. 15: 2—15). Полагаем, что это были фоллисы. Столь же широко распространена уверенность, что монетное дело Василия I Македонянина уже досконально изучено. До последнего времени мы безоговорочно принимали эту точку зрения. И, соглашаясь с мнением В. А. Анохина, считали возможным выделить только две разновидности таврических монет Василия I Македонянина: гемифоллисы с « », обрамленной двумя крестами (Анохин 1977: табл. XXIV: 359) (рис. 16: 5), и фоллисы с «крестом на Голгофе» на реверсе (Чореф 2008a: 122) (рис. 15: 2—15). Однако вновь открывшиеся обстоятельства требуют внимательного осмысления. Займемся их изучением.

Этапы развития металлопроизводства эпохи поздней бронзы на юге Восточной Европы

Author(s): Vadim S. Bochkarev / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 2/2017

A new scheme of relative chronology of metal production for the Late Bronze Age in southern part of Eastern Europe is presented in the article. Statistical correlation of 107 types of metal objects derived from 157 closed complexes (graves, hoards, molds) helped singling out seven stable groupings. Correlation of these groupings with archaeological cultures as well as other data enables to treat them as chronological periods. Each of the periods is represented by a relatively stable combination of several types. At the same time, each period includes some exclusive types. Typological composition of periods is described in detail and depicted in respective illustrations. Definitions of all 107 types are presented in an extended appendix. In absolute dates, the presented chronology embraces the time span from the border of the III—II millennia BC to the beginning of the I millennium BC.

Юго-Западное Задунавье как посредническая зона. Данные к культурной истории раннего и среднего энеолита в свете последних исследований

Author(s): Eszter Bánffy / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 2/2000

As compared to the Great Hungarian Plain in Eastern Hungary, Transdanubia has been far less researched in the last century. This is especially valid for the pre-Roman periods. The relative chronology and the cultural formations of the Late Neolithic, Early and Middle Chalcolithic were elaborated only in the last decades, while some prehistoric problems still remained uncleared. In the course of the West Transdanubian microregional research programmes my main goal was to clear the changes of the cultural history in the second half of the 5th and the beginning of the 4th Millennium BC, as well as to compare these changes with those in neighbouring areas. I tried to clear the problems with one large-scale and several smaller excavations of late Lengyel and also of Balaton-Lasinja culture settlements in the Hahót valley, County Zala. The main results are as follows: There is no break between the two cultures, as assumed earlier: the Lengyel population lives on. The beginnings of the Chalcolithic consists of a series of small, hidden changes, inspired from the Mid-Balkans. Western Transdanubia also played a key mediating role in the Chalcolithisation of Europe. The origins of the Chalcolithic impulses can thus be traced back to the Karanovo VI-Gumelnita-Vinca D2 circle, which was broken up by the migrations toward the Pontus region in the heart of the Balkans. Western Transdanubia and Eastern Austria were undeniably the mediators in this process. In these areas, the surviving Lengyel groups of peoples adopted and eventually transmitted through their commercial ties the new cultural elements. The terminal points of these influences must have been Upper Austria and Bavaria, from where these impulses were spread through secondary (and tertiary) contacts to the emerging Central German and other chalcolithic cultures. All these findings lead us to conclude that the peoples of the western Transdanubian Lengyel and Balaton-Lasinja cultures, and especially the inhabitants of the extensive settlement at Szőlőhegyi mező, played a significant role in disseminating the south-eastern European methods and culture of Chalcolithic metallurgy towards Central Europe.

Якимов, Александър. Балканската политика на Гърция между двете световни войни. С., ИК „Симелпрес“, 2012, 206 с. ISBN 978-954-2218-48-6

Author(s): Dimitar Tyulekov / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 1/2016

Япония – трудният път към демократизацията (1945–1950 г.)

Author(s): Elitsa Mihaylova / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 1-2/2015

The end of World War II creates multiple new challenges for the Japanese society. The country is devastated and besieged by the victors. General MacArthur is appointed at the head of the occupational forces and Japanese find in him a person truly concerned about their faith. His primary tasks are: the restitution of the broken economy, the democratization of the country as well as its demilitarization. All that could only be achieved through a comprehensive reform of the Japanese legislation, the first step being the adoption of an entirely new constitution. The next step is concentrated on the annihilation of the big monopolists – zaibatsu and the big land owners, which is significant for the stabilizing of the economy and overcoming the ancient feudal dependency of the common peasants. Multiple reforms are conducted closely connected with the relationship between employers and common workers by creating completely new syndicates and trade-union organizations, whose purpose is to guarantee the rights of the workers and to create safer and healthier work environment. All that helps the inveterate Japanese community gradually get used to and accept the ideas of the democratic world and to fully take advantage of its positives.

Японците

Author(s): Bratislav Ivanov / Language(s): Bulgarian / Publication Year: 2017

Bratislav Ivanov's new book is dedicated to the values and traditions of the Japanese culture. Already in the early twentieth century, French scientist Henry Dumolard draws attention to the fact that the Japanese people are guided by their logic and draw conclusions that are often incomprehensible to Europeans. To understand the Japanese people, we need to know the values that form the core of their culture. A key to their understanding is the geographical environment, mythology, religion, and Japan's history.