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The subject of this study is to Ukrainian cultural space in historical and economic dimension. The methodology of this research ishistorical and economic analysis of the development of civilization waves Ukrainian space. The study determined that a greatinfluence on him played Tripoli culture, which actually gave the development of agricultural production. These traditions arepreserved in the current Ukrainian society. Branch application may be in political economy research civilizational and formationalprocesses of social (economic) system. Concluded that the Ukrainian cultural space begins to actively form in the system ofeconomic and cultural relations between Tripoli society, which, in essence, became the ancestor of agricultural production andgreatly influenced the global cultural space.
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The strategic and planned implementation of the policy of cross¬breeding, selection and introduction of new cattle breeds in Serbia was preceded by the period of occasional imports of foreign breeds of different domesticated animals and unplanned cross¬breeding with the domestic ones. In the mid¬19th century, the state authorities tried to influence the selection of cattle in private estates, and to import the first important contingents of breed cattle. However, these attempts failed and livestock breeding and breeding of foreign breeds was limited only to state institutes – the Topčider economy and State Stud Farm. The establishment of fundaments and implementation of a planned policy in the cattle breeding field began with the formation of the Ministry of National Economy and its departments in charge of agricultural production. A standing commission for the procurement of cattle was established, tasked with zoning of entire Serbia and with the procurement of particular breeds of cattle, pigs and poultry abroad in accordance with needs of each zone. Procurements were made for state agricultural institutes and districts, while the cattle purchased was used for breeding and cross-breeding with domestic breeds. Already in the late first decade of the 20th century, it was possible to notice diversity in breeds, particularly in more developed areas, such as Šumadija and Mačva. It is not possible to determine to what extent these policies fulfilled their objective – more efficient working force in agriculture, more market surpluses of cattle breeding products and shifting to intensive cattle breeding production. The outbreak of the First World War and great losses in the livestock population largely annulled the previous efforts. The period of spreading of agrarian mechanisation and adoption of the concept of quantity in cattle breeding production signified the start of dissipation of the number of old low productive autochthonous breeds, and thus the biodiversity of the livestock population in Serbia.
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The purpose of this article is revealing the conditions and prerequisites for the “birth” of the entrepreneurial class in Sopot, Karlovo and Kalofer during the 18th-19th centuries. The main conclusion is that the combination of a favorable external environment and appropriate personal qualities make possible the appearance of people with enterprising spirit. In other words, Bulgarian Revival entrepreneurs from Sopot, Karlovo and Kalofer are born, but they are also made through the accumulated experience and knowledge.
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By the end of WWII Yugoslavia had suffered huge human and material losses. The Yugoslav communists eyed the West with distrust, deeming that possible economic help from those quarters would be coupled with political pressure. They expected the Soviet Union, of which they had an idealized conception, to aid the renewal. Although it was one of the two super-powers that had come out of the war, the USSR had also suffered major material damages and was not always able to satisfy all Yugoslav demands to the full. Aid was lent in keeping with Soviet capabilities whenever possible. During 1945 possibilities were explored and negotiations led about a goods loan, establishing joint companies, employment of Soviet experts and trade. Foreign trade had the character of aid and was the main form of cooperation during that year. The Soviet Share in Yugoslavia’s foreign trade was 75.1% in exports and 68.3% in imports. Thanks to trade necessary raw materials and goods reached Yugoslavia.
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The goal of the paper is to explain the influence of privatization to the transition in Serbia. At the same time, it will be shown that the absence of the results of development of small and medium enterprises influenced the continuous pointing out the results of privatization. The influence of privatization to performance of enterprises will be especially discussed. The process of privatization of the public sector in the countries of developed market economy will be compared with the privatization in the former socialist countries. The specificity of the latter consists, above all, in huge offer of capital for sale in relatively short time. Inevitable consequence is the low price of this capital, which is very interesting for analysis.
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The study analyzed eleven articles of the famous Bulgarian poet Peyo Yavorovpublished by him in the newspaper "Pravo" ("Law") (Publication of Macedonian-Adrianople interests) from August 1902 to January 1903.
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In the Western part of the village Sredniy in Uzhgorod district, in the Transcarpathian region, the ruins of the castle are located in the plains near the river Velya (formerly the Old Town). Today, the most respected building for its buildings (18.6 x 16.5 m), which is located in the central part of the architectural ensemble. It is surrounded by a locked patio with limited stone walls. The fortification system, in terms close to the square form, is represented by two lines of noticeably shoved shafts and ditches. In some places, the modern height of the shafts reaches 3.5 m. The external shaft defines the area of the monument – 200 x 200 m. The artificial water circulation system (the pipe of the set and drainage), which flowed from the river to the ditch on the western side and flowed out of them into The direction of the mill from the east is now already destroyed, resulting in a large part of the ditches being swamped. The archaeological expedition of the Uzhhorod National University was studied in 2008 and 2017. In the first field season, in order to find out the stratigraphic situation and proceeding from the possible excavation of the area, the study began with the territory of the castle court. The excavation #I (22 x 4 m) cut it from the southern corner of the central building to the ditch. The power of the cultural layer, which consisted of layers of clay of different colors, from gray to black (in the basis), reached 2.8 m. The erection of stone walls in the XVI century. It was stratigraphically confirmed by the discovery of the false Hungarian coin of 1543 Ferdinand I. (1526-1564). The next period (XVIIth – the beginning of the XVIIIth century) was determined by the quantitative increase in the collection of material (ceramic crockery, tiles and metal products). A relatively large percentage of counterfeit coins is not unique to these territories. It characterizes the specifics of the regional monetary circulation of the late Middle Ages and early modern times. Also it notes the active work of local counterfeiters whose work left traces in archaeological materials and in written sources. Found during the excavation of the castle counterfeit coins correspond to the chronological range of the operation of the monument, as well as reflect the activities of the falsifiers of the Upper Hungary, in whose products most massively present counterfeit silicon products. A small number of finds does not allow us to draw conclusions about the main periods of activation of the "thieves in the coin", but three of the four coins refer to the times of Ferdinand I, in Hungarian historiography called "the golden age of Hungarian counterfeiters." Specificization of the information on the quantitative and qualitative composition of false denominations in the Central lock is possible only after a systematic study of significant sites in different parts of the monument and replenishment of this group of finds with new instances.
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On the basis of research and analysis of coins of the late 17th and early 17th centuries, discovered in the territory of the South-West Khmelnytsky region in 2010-2016, the article describes the false solids and money of Sigismund III Wasa (1587-1632). An attempt was made to determine the possible centers of coinage of fake coins in Podillia in the investigated period. From numismatic literature and treasure material we know about false solids, money, half-wings of the Commonwealth of Sigismund III Vases (1587-1632), which occur in the coins and isolated finds on the territory of Central and Eastern Europe. But some publications about the treasures, which present these fake denominations on the territory of Khmelnytsky, are almost absent. Only a comprehensive study of treasure materials allows researchers to objectively assess the role and extent of a fake coin in the total mass of running money of a particular state or a specific region. On the basis of research and analysis of coins of the late 17th and early 17th centuries, discovered in the territory of the South-West Khmelnytsky region in 2010-2016, the article describes the false solids and money of Sigismund III Wasa (1587-1632). An attempt was made to determine the possible centers of coinage of fake coins in Podillia in the investigated period. From numismatic literature and treasure material we know about false solids, money, half-wings of the Commonwealth of Sigismund III Wasa (1587-1632), which occur in the coins and isolated finds on the territory of Central and Eastern Europe. But some publications about the treasures, which present these fake denominations on the territory of Khmelnytsky, are almost absent. Only a comprehensive study of treasure materials allows researchers to objectively assess the role and extent of a fake coin in the total mass of running money of a particular state or a specific region. The purpose of the article is to show, based on the latest sources of numismatics, the intensity, duration and significant use of monetary circulation in the West Podillya of the monetary affairs of the Polish-Lithunian Commonwealth and, in particular, fake money and solids of the time of the Sigismund III Wasa, indicate possible counterfeiting centers for these denominations. During the reign of Sigismund III Wasa, especially in the beginning of the seventeenth century, in the monetary circulation of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, new coins appear to produce silver and white coins: solid, money, half-tones, troyaks, shostakes, ortys (1/4 talera) of various types: crowns of Krakow, Bydgoszcz, Lithuania, Gdańsk, Elbląg, Riga. The presence of counterfeiters of the Riga solids, the money of Sigismund III in the treasures of the former Podolsky voivodship of the Polish-Lithunian Commonwealth of the late XVIIth – the beginning of the seventeenth century testifies to their popularity among the local population, as well as the existence of centers for the forging of these fakes in the West Podillya. In our opinion, it could be the city of Satan and Kamyanets-Podilsky. Secondly, the findings of the solids from the village. Kolodiyivka and the village. Luka- Barskaya, the elements of their apertures, reversals, legends, give most of the false solids of the Riga type of time Sigismund III are quite primitive and rude. Third, some solids and money from Satan's treasures were performed more qualitatively on the basis of copper coats with a silver coat, where the image of the date, the coat of arms, the letters «S», the crowns are clearer and closer to the originals. Perhaps these specimens were made by an experienced craftsman using the technologies that were practiced at the time of the monetarians when a relief image was applied to the copper circle using stamps.
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In this article we tell about the aspect of the money counterfeiting in Ukraine during the WWI, introducing into the scientific circulation previously unpublished sources that allow us to open a new page in the history of monetary circulation. As we know, samples for counterfeiting have been chosen among the most popular money in the circulation. Such money during the First World War were gold and silver coins, credit notes issued during the war by the pre-war model (differing in the signature of the cashier on a bank note), the exchange of marks and treasury marks, various money surrogates. All these types of money were reproduced by counterfeiters in the specified period. Analyzing the archival sources we were able to establish the facts of the attempted economic sabotage by Austria-Hungary and Germany in relation to the Russian Empire by manufacturing of the quality counterfeits of Russian credit notes and their sale in Galicia. Following the messages on the pages of newspapers of that period, we were able to study and describe the activity of non-legal groups of counterfeiters who manufactured the exchange stamps in Kiev and Odessa. During the whole of 1916, the Kiev newspaper “Vechernaya Gazeta” (Evening Newspaper) reported about the appearance in Kiev of counterfeit exchange marks with nominal value of 20 kopecks, and in Odesa – intermediate stamps with themoninal value of 15 kopecks, and events related to the turnover of these falsifications. Investigative authorities managed to expose a number of underground printing houses and neutralize the work of counterfeiters. After analyzing the information highlighted in the Kiev and Odessa newspapers about counterfeiters, we can conclude that the manufacture of counterfeits was carried out on professional industrial equipment, medium-sized exchange stamps were chosen as samples, sales were carried out in the vicinity of cities or in large markets. The principle of choosing as a sample for counterfeiting the average nominal value was also noted in cases of counterfeiting of credit notes, as evidenced by archival documents and newspapers of that time. Among the counterfeits of credit notes of the Russian Empire are notes with denominations of 3 rubles. On December 6, 1915, Treasury bills with denominations in kopecks appeared in the circulation, which should also serve for small money circulation and small-scale trade. In this study, we were able to detect and analyze the private counterfeits of the most popular among the specified series of treasury bills – 50 kopecks of the issue of 1915. With the growing costs of warfare, the demand for money supply increased rapidly, therefore, because of the time-saving and production resources, on the banknotes of nominal value of 1, 3, 5 and 10 rubles the same, considerably shorter than the previous notes the serial number and a letter series. The population immediately suspected these new banknotes highly likely to be false, on the basis of which the Government provided relevant explanations to the public, recognizing these issues as state-owned. Police detected by fake coins or banknotes during searches played the role of material evidence, but were most often destroyed after the investigation. It can be assumed that such a fate awaited the counterfeits found in private individuals in order to prevent their repeated attempts to enter into circulation and attempts to kidnap and re-deception the population. That is why today most of the known counterfeits are the result of random finds, less often fake coins and credit notes are stored in collections of museums. Founded in our time fake coins during the WWI often bear traces of attempts to destroy them. We assume that now-known forgery coin pieces from the now-known collections could be made illegally during the "coin hunger" and the financial crisis, while coins with dates up to 1914 could be selected as a model for counterfeiting. Therefore, the obvious counterfeits made during the WWI are false Russian coins bearing their mole dates from 1914-1917. At the various times, the process of counterfeiting of money attracted criminals of different social strata and representatives of the most diverse professions. Often, this type of the crime was detained by masters of working with metal (blacksmiths, founders, masters of repairing watches and mechanisms, gunsmiths, engravers, sculptors, etc.). By studying the documents of the investigated period, we were able to find evidence of the involvement of representatives of the investigating authorities in counterfeiters. Pre-revolutionary newspaper periodicals also contain valuable evidence of litigation on counterfeiters and sentences handed down by them. Curiosity for falsifiers was not only monetary, but also other liquid assets: securities, post duty stamps, separate coupons for bonds, as well as forged passports, mobilization certificates, documents for traveling abroad, etc. Due to the collapse of the Russian Empire and serious political transformations, the structure of monetary circulation in Ukraine is changing completely, and, accordingly, counterfeiting takes on a new different character, which is the subject of a separate in-depth study. Virtually all money used by the population in circulation was used to counterfeit private individuals for illegal profit.
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One of the «white» spots, which, until recently, was clearly fixed not only against the background of the monetary circulation of Roman times, but also the events associated with the formation of some archaeological cultures, and in particular, Chernyakhivsky, among other things, the theme was set out presence «cast» denarius, copied from the emissions of the I-III centuries AD in the South-Eastern Europe area. At the same time, the monitoring of the information space, and, first of all, internet resources, fixes the growth of messages about the detection of coins from this group, which, in turn, adds arguments that it is necessary to update the research issues which helps to identify sources of their receipt (or origin), chronology of «production» and «circulation», as well as places in everyday life, cults and beliefs of the population living in this territory in the first third of the 1st millennium BC. These circumstances have led to launch the program «Moneta Barbaricum», in the framework of «Terra Amadociae» project, in 2014, among its primary tasks were the accumulation, verification, systematization and analysis of the basic information, the attraction and introduction new materials into the scientific circulation, and in particular, which was connected with local centers of «emissions» of cast denarians on the outskirts of Korzhyvtsi village, Derazhnyanskiy district and Abrykosivka village, Kamyanets-Podilskiy district of Khmelnytskiy region. In parallel with this, in 2016, the first steps were taken to study the elemental composition of cast alloys of denarius and waste from their «production». However, the detection and fixation of the activities of «emission» centers in Korzhyvtsi and Abrykosivka, testing of X-ray fluorescent graphy of «finished products» and «waste products» it is only a small percentage that needs to be done to find out the problems associated with the subject of the presence of «replicas» of the Roman denarius of the I-III centuries in the «barbaric» territories of Southeastern Europe, and hence the answer to the questions: «cast» denarius – forgery, unofficial imitation or informal coin production?
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The object of the research is counterfeit money made and circulated on the territory of Southern Bessarabia from the time it was annexed to the Russian Empire until the middle of the 19th c. In the 1820s. Izmail was the most important center for the production of counterfeit money, where Ottoman coins were forged. Counterfeit Russian banknotes also arrived in Southern Bessarabia, being imported — through the Ottoman lands — from the rebellious Poland in 1830—1831, as well as from England and the United States. These financial sabotages were aimed at destabilizing the economic situation in the region.
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Оn May 20-26, 2019the International Conference “TheHansa Phenomenon: Hanseatic Communicative Area” was held in the Yaroslav-the-Wise Novgorod State University. It was organized by Novgorod State University in cooperation with the St. Petersburg Institute of History of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Institute of Archeology of the Russian Academy of Sciences and with the support of the Russian Science Foundation. Researchers from Russia, Estonia, Latvia, Poland, Germany, Sweden highlighted various aspects of international interactions in the Hanseatic Area.
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