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The introduction of the article contains the parish geographical location, its size andthe place within the Church hierarchical structure. Having analyzed post- visit inspectionprotocols by Chelm Bishops as well as statistical specifications the look, fittings andancillary equipment of the parish church and its affiliated churches was recounted. As far aspossible the look of vicarage and ancillary buildings was introduced as well. Not only was the list of 19 clergy recreated but also the Orthodox church benefice was defined. The otherpart render the number of worshipers as well as the number of Holy Communion receivers.
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The author presents four Istrian coins discovered in southern Bessarabia, whose state of preservation proves that they come from a hoard. These coins are silver staters from Group III, belonging to the Σ (1 specimen) and Y (3 specimens) series. Obverse photos of the coins were posted on a Ukrainian forum in December 2018. Later, two of them were sold on another section of the same site.
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Recent reexamination of our archives led us to a group of 20 gold coins (Alexander the Great and Lysimachus type staters, Late Roman solidi, several Byzantine coins and one Venetian) - a significant collection from the interwar period belonging to Maria Golescu(1897-1988). Member of the Romanian Numismatic Society from 1923, she was arrested and imprisoned for 12 years by the communist regime between 1949 and 1962, emigrating in the same year in the United Kingdom. The coins were sold to the Library of the Romanian Academy in 1963 by a close person of Maria Golescu. There are 4 Alexander-type staters from Kallatis (2; Price 897 and 914), Sardes (1; Price 2533) and Babylon (1; Price 3748). Alexander-type staters from Kallatis were extremely rare in the interwar period, coming most of them from the Anadol hoard discovered in 1895. Examining the catalogue of Hess auction from October 1903 (250 staters from Anadol hoard) we notice that there were 14 samples Price 914 from Kallatis (nos. 90-103), only 1 illustrated (nr. 96) and different from Maria Golescu’s same type stater. 30 years later further 60 staters from the Anadol hoard were sold in Schlessinger auction from February 1935, only the type Price 897 being represented by a single coin (nr. 671) again different from that coming from Maria Golescu’s collection. Although we don’t have any direct evidence yet, but only indirect and circumstantial ones, we think there is a good chance that they came from the Anadol hoard (IGCH 866).
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This article presents and briefly discusses the coin hoard found by chance in a yard of a household from the village of Groși (Bihor County), on October 17, 2018. The hoard consists of 487 silver coins: Hungarian breiter groschen (the grosz with the value of five denarii) and denarii minted by Matthias II and Ferdinand II, Transylvanian breiter groschen and polturas (1 ½ grosz) issued by Gabriel Bethlen and George Rákóczi I, Polishsix grosz and three grosz coins and polturas issued by Sigismund III Vasa, Swedish polturas issued by Gustav Adolf and Queen Christina, as well as Prussian polturas issued by Johann Sigismund and Georg Wilhelm. The post-quem term of the hoard is given by a Transylvanian poltura minted in 1638. Compared to the group of coin hoards ascribed to the time interval between 1629/1630 and 1668, the Groşi hoard has the specific structure of circulation hoards, characterized by the preponderance of Polish, Swedish and Prussian polturas, to which are added Hungarian and Transylvanian breiter groschen, the distribution by workshops and years of issue being determined by the volume of the production
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Since time immemorial, agricultural life and pastoral culture have coexisted in the Kura, Chorokhi, Tigris, and Euphrates basins. These river basins were in-habited by culturally related peoples who led sedentary lifestyles and thus formed the forerunners of an agrarian civilization as early as the end of the Eneolithic era. The Chorokhi basin, where one part of the Georgian feudal provinces, including Tao and Klarjeti, formed in the Middle Ages, was of special importance in this river system.Agriculture was a leading economic branch among Caucasian and Anatolian peoples. Accordingly, husbandry was vital to the social and economic life of this vast ethno-cultural region. The economic way of life of the people of Tao and Klar-jeti, like other parts of historical Georgia, mirrored the economic life of the moun-tains, the foothill line, and the plains.The economic zones in Tao and Klarjeti were well-organized. Vegetable gar-dens and orchards were planted in artificially fenced terraces around the farm-steads, followed by meadows and floodplains on the slopes and riverside hills a short distance away. The irrigation system’s efficiency was critical for the agri-cultural life of the people of the settlements near the gullies. Tao-Klarjeti was a hot, rocky terrain with a lot of water, which doubled the irrigation prospects and importance in the area. Terraced farming presented a challenge to man in terms of irrigating the terraced land. Natural needs, among other things, led to highly developed irrigation farming in Asia Minor – Anatolia, and in Georgia, particularly in Tao and Klarjeti.In the Caucasus and Asia Minor - Anatolia, particularly in Tao-Klarjeti, not only technologies reflecting human labor activity developed, but also forms of ce-real crops proper, many of which are considered endemic varieties. The crop plots were intended for cereal cultivation, while the floodplains were used for haying and making winter stock for farmed animals.
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The article examines the monthly dynamics of exports, imports and balance of trade between Ukraine and Romania in the period from 2005 to 2021. Time series from 2015 to 2021 were used for modelling and forecasting (since the date the European Union–Ukraine Association Agreement took effect). Adequate models of the dynamics series of the BoxJenkins methodology were built: additive models with seasonal component ARIMA (Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average)*ARIMAS (or SARIMA) and Holt-Winters exponential smoothing with a dampened trend. Forecasting of exports, imports and trade balance for the fourth quarter of 2021 and first quarter of 2022 were completed. The forecast results showed a small relative error compared to the actual data. Thus, when forecasting the trade balance between countries using the Holt-Winters model, the relative prediction errors were: for October 2021 – 1.3%; for November 2021 – 2.6%; for December 2021 – 0.4%.
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The article attempts to determine the usefulness of the concept of resourcefulness for research in the field of social history of the People’s Republic of Poland. On the basis of examples concerning problems with provisions, housing, professional work and retirement benefits, an analysis of specific issues was made, where this resourcefulness manifested itself particularly intensively. The research shows that in many cases it was pathological. It meant a strategy of behavior consisting in achieving the assumed goals by individuals or various groups of people using means that are in conflict with the norms, rules, procedures accepted as appropriate in a given political and socio-economic order.
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State entrepreneurship, or rather statism, was a strongly developed phenome- non in the economy of interwar Poland. Initially, its source was the legacy of the partition period in the form of the considerable assets of the partitioned states, numerous indus- trial plants, banks, transport infrastructure, forests and land. In a reborn Poland, in order to strengthen the economy and military potential, the authorities undertook, among oth- er things, a number of industrial investments, developed state-owned banking and trans- port enterprises and organised profitable treasury monopolies. The share of the state sector in the economy reached 20%, and in some areas even 100%. Researchers of state entrepre- neurship, usually, have emphasised its considerable economic efficiency and important so- cial role.
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Numerous studies on the economies of socialist countries indicate that one of the main sources of their weakness was the attitudes and behavior of “socialist managers”. Contrary to the predictions (e.g. by Joseph Schumpeter), they were not characterized by entrepreneurship, innovation, the ability to lead changes or the ability to formulate strategies. This was due to the nomenclature system existing in all countries of the Soviet bloc. Nominations, promotions, but also dismissals were at the discretion of party bodies. It was the main source of the communist party’s dominance in the country and the fundamental factor guaranteeing control over all spheres of social and economic life. Determining why the nomenclature system turned out to be dysfunctional requires considering three issues: what were the goals of the communist personnel policy, what methods were used to implement it, and finally who were the people appointed to perform managerial functions in the economy. We will focus our analysis on the management of Polish industry in the years 1945–1956. This is because it was the most important sector of the economy of the People’s Republic of Poland, and the personnel policy mechanisms developed at that time remained valid until the end of the “real socialism” system.
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Review of: ROMAN ZAORAL (ed.), Money and Finance in Central Europe during the Later Middle Ages, Basingstoke 2016, Palgrave Macmillan, 270s., ISBN 978-1-137-46022-6.
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While the twenty-first century is moving into its third decade and the whistle of the steam locomotive rumbles with the longing of the youth of Generation X into final oblivion, except for rare performances of railway romance or nostalgia, exclusively commercial impulses, stone, as an omitted element of the industrial revolution, deserves a specific review. The aim of the paper is to point out the inevitable changes initiated by new technologies and the neoliberal concept. Historical method, descriptive analysis and secondary sources are used in the paper. The locomotive brought together more people than all the poets, writers, philosophers of earlier centuries, it “carries the industrial revolution”, gets its place of honor, often synonymous with economic progress locomotion mobile; in the case of the poet, he even breathes, breathes tensely, as if he has been waiting for a long time to leave, he often exudes brilliance even when he stops (standing) still. At the same time, the stone that carries it, without which there can be neither it, nor its railway, industry, economy, world, neoliberal paradigm... a complete two centuries carries an ordinary, non-sacred, almost unsightly, contemporary stone, which is like Andrić's symbolism the stone in the bridge, instead of someone else, sacrificed himself here.
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The aim of this article is to present the historical conditions and perspectives for the European labour market in view of Industry 4.0, with particular emphasis on the situation of young people. Its most important determinants are related to Industry 4.0 and the need to embrace the principles of sustainable development in the economic policies of the member states. This is an important challenge for the European Union, because the lack of opportunities for decent work hampers the opportunities of the youth, who will be responsible for solving global problems in the context of sustainable development. Therefore, the countries of the European Union should support their labour markets by expanding social security networks, striving to increase innovativeness of their economies, and fostering social resilience and resistance to disruption caused by technological change. The article both analytical and descriptive in scope, and the applied research method is the analysis of the literature output and statistical data.
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This article gives an insight into the main aspects of Mongolian’s economy related to its Asian Trading Partners namely China, India, South Korea, and Japan in the period of 2011–2021. To give more clarity about the main trading partners of Mongolia there are two countries: China and Russia, but the author focuses only on the Asian trading partners to try to evaluate if the policy of “The third neighbour” works. The main goal is to popularise the still not well-known economy of Mongolia and to see how it was developed in the analysed period of 2011–2022. As the methodology of the research, the author used empirical analysis based mainly on Macrobond data which also has access to Mongolian Statistics Office data and also to available world reports such as OECD, and UNCTAD. Besides that, the article was consulted with the Mongolian Ambassador in Poland and it was enriched this way with his best knowledge regarding the economy and Mongolia’s international trade and investment policy. The interesting aspect which was raised by the author in this article was the future state of the economy of Mongolia after the pandemic SARS-CoV-2 and the impact of the restrictions imposed on Russia due to the war on Ukraine.
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The gradual shift of the world’s economic and political centre to Asia, as well as the dynamic development of China over the past decades, is of general interest to government officials, business circles, and academia. The research in the field of Chinese studies is accompanied by the development of teaching offer from educational institutions. Studies on China and Chinese language complete the curriculum of educational programs at various levels, from school through university degrees at BA and MA levels to postgraduate. The main aim of the paper is to diagnose the phenomenon related to the growing interest in China studies. The study was conducted in the form of an anonymous questionnaire addressed to students at the Institute of the Middle and Far East of the Jagiellonian University in Kraków between 2019 and 2020, i.e. prior to the outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic. The research answers the question to what extent study programs meet the needs of educating about China reported by students – clients, offering access to comprehensive and academic-verified knowledge of China and the opportunity to learn Chinese.
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The aim of the article is to analyze the concepts of quality and the genesis and changes in the definition of quality since ancient times. The analysis was made on the basis of literature studies Concepts of work quality and views on quality from the point of view of the supplier and consumer were presented. The work consists of three parts, in which historical definitions of quality created in ancient times and their changes to modern times are discussed. The second part presents concepts related to the quality of work and its impact on the social quality of life. The third part presents the concepts of product quality from the point of view of the…
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The jizya (ةَيْزِج (is a yearly per capita taxation historically imposed on non-Muslims in the form of a financial charge. The jizya tax is a charge levied on non-Muslims to protect and safeguard the safety of their life and property, their practice of another faith, and their exemption from military service. The jizya defters take an important place among the sources of income of the Ottoman Empire, and as such they provide important information and are reference sources for Ottoman historical studies. This study is about presentation and assessment of the register of jizya belonging to the administrative district of Vushtrri and its surroundings.The defter with code number ML.VRD.CMH.d. 49 contains important socio-economic information about the non-Muslim residents of Vushtrri and the adjacent villages in 1258 hijri year (1842). The goal of this research is to assess the demographic structure and spatial positioning of non-Muslims in the Vushtrri area in 1842, as well as their class status as determined by the types of taxes they paid.
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As the result of complex historical events, two models of economic self-government were de¬veloped in the second half of the 19th century in Europe and Great Britain, i.e. the continental model and the Anglo-Saxon model. In Poland after 1918, the debate occurred about the model of economic self-government. Legislation on economic self-government which is now in force does not allow to recognize it as a part of public administration and is different from the one from the inter-war period. The present paper examines the institution of economic self-government in the Polish law in the light of the solutions adopted in European countries. It also analyses Polish legal solutions from the inter-war period.
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One of the most important questions for early modern cities was how to respond to increasing financial pressures with different financial resources. In the perspective of the radically changed situation of the Kingdom of Hungary after the Ottoman expansion, the budget balance of the city of Bratislava (in Hungarian Pozsony) is of particular importance. Bratislava’s situation during this period was complex in many respects. The city was already a regional centre in the western borderlands of the Kingdom of Hungary in the late Middle Ages. The defeat at Mohács changed the fate of Hungary for centuries. Bratislava’s economic power increased temporarily after 1526. After the conquest of Buda (1541), the economic functions of the former capital were taken over mainly by the cities of western Hungary especially Bratislava and Trnava (in Hungarian Nagyszombat). Within a short time after the battle of Mohács, Bratislava became the administrative and political centre of the Kingdom of Hungary under Habsburg rule. For the study of the city budget, we have first of all the source group of the chamber books of the city of Bratislava at our disposal. The chamber books show that the town had several means to compensate for the increased expenditure (military expenditure, fortification costs, funds allocated to the central administration). In particular, taxes were increased, which undoubtedly shows that the town‘s citizenry was engaged in considerable economic activity during the period. Another important source of income was the “Weingeld”. This was the revenue from the sale of wine.
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This paper presents the history of Daruvar brewery, established in 1840. Through its 180 year long active history, the brewery underwent many turbulences. It faced business successes and failures. Nevertheless, it managed to survive on the market up until today, thus representing one of identities of this city and its industry.
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