Marta Rendla, »Kam ploveš standard?«, Življenjska raven in socializem
Review of: Marta Rendla, »Kam ploveš standard?«, Življenjska raven in socializem, Inštitut za novejšo zgodovino, Ljubljana 2018.
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Review of: Marta Rendla, »Kam ploveš standard?«, Življenjska raven in socializem, Inštitut za novejšo zgodovino, Ljubljana 2018.
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Devlet-i Aliyye-i Osmaniyye, aka the Ottoman Empire, had a special place among all the states founded in the Southeast Asia, in terms of geographic scope and longevity. It inherited some of the the means that it used in acquiring the economic surplus of what it called memâlik-i mahrûse, the lands within its borders, but it also make some contributions to this fiscal tradition, like the esham applications in the following periods The classical era of the empire (1300-1600 AD), is the most appropriate time interval for those who wish to take a picture of its fiscal structure which transformed to a considerable extent following this era. Our study aims to contribute to this portrayal by focusing on the revenues of Devlet-i Aliyye, the most important components of its public finances.
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The geographical location of the port of Salonica made it a way station on the trade routes connecting the Middle East, the Black Sea, North Africa, and the Balkans. The British began to trade in Salonica, which had an active commercial activity since the seventeenth century, with commercial purposes more frequently from the beginning of the eighteenth century onwards. With the opening of the British consulate in Salonica in 1718, British merchants, freed from the protection of French consuls, continued their commercial activities under better conditions. It was also the first time a steamship docked at the port of Salonica, again through the British. Especially from the 1860s onwards, the British role in Salonica's trade increased in shipping, imports, and exports. As a consumer of the grain and industrial agricultural products of the Salonica hinterland, Britain imported several goods to the port of Salonica, mainly cotton yarn and textiles, but also bedsteads and sacks. In addition to imports and exports, the British were also very active in transportation in the port of Salonica. This study aims to analyze the commercial reports prepared by the British consuls in Salonica to analyze the extent of British shipping and trade in the port of Salonica.
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During the Tanzimat Period, most of the old highways had fallen into disrepair due to neglect. For this reason, a restructuring was made with macadam roads in the highway networks in the Tanzimat Period. Because the central government had a better understanding of the important role of roads in maintaining the existence of a state and establishing its sovereignty, ensuring economic and financial developments and increasing the prosperity and prosperity of the country, by taking into account the developments in Europe. It was requested from the temporary zoning councils formed in this sense to give priority to transportation and to develop road networks. However, road construction activities had to be carried out within a program. For this, the construction activities of the macadam roads to be built by the Nafia Treasury, the Ministry of Public Works and some technical institutions were tried to be carried out within a program and within the framework of the rules. In this study, the construction activities of the İnebolu road, which was first decided to be extended from İnebolu to Kastamonu, but then to Çankırı with some necessities, in the form of a macadam and earth road, were discussed in detail. The purpose of discussing these construction activities in detail in the study is to reveal within the framework of archival sources what kind of difficulties were encountered during the construction activities and for what reasons such construction activities were not completed on time, apart from the advantages that the road provided to the destiny of a country, as stated above.
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In the Ottoman Empire, education, health, public works, religion, and similar services provided by the state today were carried out through endowments. In order to perform the aforementioned services, real estate and movable assets were converted into the qualifications of a legal entity under the endowment institution by removing them from the private property of the person. Foundations whose capital is based on movable assets are called cash waqf. The cash donated in cash waqfs was operated with a certain rate of interest, and the income obtained was spent on public services. By operating the cash foundation subject to the money foundation within the credit mechanism, both the income and cash needs of people from all segments of society in need of financing were met. Furthermore, the income generated is used to meet the needs of society. The waqfs were being established in court in the presence of the qadi and recorded in the court records (the "Endowment Charter"). In addition, credit transactions were being carried out in a formal process and were being recorded in court records. Between 1868 and 1869, 131 records were handled in this study using these records, 112 of which belonged to cash waqfs and 19 to individuals. These records are in the 1125-numbered ledger from the Çanakkale court records. In total, 204 credit transactions were recorded in the ledger. In loan transactions, transactions were made using the method of muʻamale-i şerʻîyye. According to these records, in the second half of the nineteenth century, approximately one year's worth of credit history for the credit market was presented in Çanakkale.
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The relevance of the problems of security of the state, society, enterprise and persons for Ukraine is not in doubt. Not only external negative factors (world pandemics, military conflicts, information propaganda, manipulation of public consciousness, cyber -terrorism, uncontrolled migration flows, aggravation and challenges for business entities and society, making it possible to look for and create new methods and tools for effective management. Unfortunately, internal factors that do not contribute to the financial security of the state and business: political instability, corruption, widespread practice of tax evasion and legalization (laundering) of proceeds obtained, uneven regional economic development and others. In view of this, the issue of financial security of business entities is of particular relevance. The issues of financial security of the enterprise are devoted to the study of foreign and domestic scientists. Paying the proper scientific and methodological value of existing scientific achievements, the problems of ensuring the financial security of the enterprise in war and post-war period remain poorly studied. The purpose of the study is to analyze the financial security of enterprises and ensure it in war and post -war recovery. The following research methods were used: comparison, analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, generalization, systematization. The financial security management system is an orderly set of interrelated elements that form a single functional integrity intended for establishing and maintaining the optimal level of financial security. The coordination of the interaction of these elements largely depends on the success and efficiency of the functioning of the financial security management system of the enterprise.
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Introduction and historiography. I.P. Blaramberg initiated the research of Olbian coins. He described various types of coins for the first time, including small denominations, which are the objects of study in this article. Subsequently, the most complete descriptions of these coins were published by V.A. Anokhin and P.O. Karyshkovsky. However, unfortunately, these works do not provide a complete picture of the role played by small denominations in Olbian numismatics, as well as their interconnection. This promoted a creation of the corpus of coins, based on their stylistic and metrical analysis. The theoretical and methodological basis of the study is a set of numismatic methods, e.g., the methods of visual analysis, identification and typological classification of coins, as well as comparative method. The purpose of the article is to systematize small copper coin types and their varieties issued in the first quarter – mid-4th century BC, and the compilation of their catalog. 53 coin types of small denominations and their varieties were identified by the author. The chronological framework of the examined corpus covers the period from the beginning of copper minting in the first quarter of the 4th century BC to the appearance of "obol series" in the mid-4th century BC. All coins have been divided into four groups. Each group, with the exception of the third one, is represented by small, middle and large denominations. All coins of the third group belong to the same denomination. Taking into account that their weight ranges between 0.8 and 1.1 g, they were conventionally attributed to small denomination. The first group of the studied corpus is represented by coins of large denomination (no. 1) and its fractions – four types of middle denomination (nos. 2–5) and four types of small denomination (nos. 6–9). The second group consists of two denominations: large (nos. 10–15) and small (nos. 16–21). The third group is represented by only two coins of the same type (nos. 22–23), and today it remains rather understudied due to its rarity. The fourth group is the largest in number and includes two coins of large (nos. 24–25), two coins of middle (nos. 26–27) and 26 coins of small denominations (nos. 28–53). Noteworthy is the small denomination, on which additional symbols appear, e.g., a bow, a grain, an arrow and an ear of corn, which appear on the coins both separately and in various combinations. Conclusions. For the first time, the author made an attempt to fully cover all small copper coin types and their varieties known today, a total of 53 coins minted from the first quarter of the 4th century BC to the mid-4th century BC. Most of the coins are published for the first time.
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A group of Roman silver denarii minted prior to 194 A.D., and imitations of them, said to have been “Dug up in Ukraine,” appeared on the U.S. market in 2018. The goal of this paper is to discuss finds of Roman denarii in Ukraine briefly, to record four examples from this otherwise unpublished find, and to place these pieces in the context of currency in Ukraine in Late Antiquity. European Barbaricum – the areas lying outside the Roman Rhine, Danubian and British limites in the end of the Second Century A.D., to the Volga River in the east, including inland Ukraine but not including the Caucasus region and the Black Sea coast – used Roman silver denarii as currency, though probably merely by weight; over 500 denarii hoards from this area have been published, of which 95 were from Ukraine. There is evidence that these coins circulated for a century or more after they became obsolete in the Roman Empire itself, because of the heavy wear present on many examples. Though the size and location of the find which surfaced in 2018 – and whether it represents a hoard or single finds – cannot be determined, from the number seen (10 to 15), it is more likely to have been a hoard rather than a series of single finds. (Because of the manner in which the coins were sold, it was not possible to contact the seller readily; also, it was doubted that truthful information would be obtained anyhow, since the coins were presumably removed from Ukraine illegally.) Four examples preserved from it are published herein. These are: Denarius of Sabina, 128–136, very worn (2.62 g vs. normal weight of 3.0–3.2 g). Diademed bust right/Juno standing left (C 37, RIC II Hadrian 395A). Denarius of Antoninus Pius, 143/4, very worn (3.02 g) and apparently a fourrée, with base metal showing at top of head. Laureate head right/caduceus between two cornucopiae (RIC III, 107B). Struck copy (fourrée?) of denarius of Commodus, 190, very worn (1.82 g [sic!]). Laureate head right/Minerva advancing right (RIC III Commodus 222A). The surface is two-tone, as if plating is coming off, or dissolved silver from burial was redeposited. Struck copy (fourrée?) of denarius of Antoninus Pius – Commodus, 138–192, very worn (1.67 g [sic!]). Laureate head right/Ceres (?) standing left, pseudo? inscriptions. On this coin also it appears that silver plating is coming off, or dissolved silver from burial was redeposited. The presence of imitation denarii is not unexpected, because 15 of the recorded 95 denarii hoards found in Ukraine contained them. However, the very light weight of these two examples is unusual, and may indicate that a base metal core dissolved from acidic soils, leaving only a thick silver plating. Nearly all denarii hoards from European Barbaricum close with those of Commodus, 192 A. D.; from 148, the denarius maintained a standard of approximately 75–80% silver, but Septimius Severus reduced the standard to about 65% in 194, and to about 56% two years later. At this point most “Barbarians” refused to accept them as silver, and later denarii are nearly always absent from hoards. The same pattern can be seen in this group. These pieces offer further evidence that Roman denarii circulated (as silver, by weight) in Ukraine long after issue, some becoming very worn. Their dating is given as circa 200–400 A. D., though this is very approximate. No attempt is made here to assign them to a particular ethnic group.
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The purpose of the article is to attempt to interpret the mass finds of cast denarii on the territory of Middle Transnistria, made public on various Internet forums, as a result of the active use of metal detectors. An attempt is made to study and find out the place of fake denarii in the economy of barbarian tribes, the focus is on the problem of economic expediency of the organization of coin production in the territory of the mentioned region. Scientists have long been interested in the fact of parallel circulation of full-fledged silver denarii with the same denarii, but made of bronze or copper, that is, fake ones. Such Roman denarii are found on the territory of the Roman border. The questions remain open: what are these coins, who issued them and for what purpose. Previously, such coins were clearly considered the work of counterfeiters. However, the finds of such coins are massive and today number in the thousands and tens of thousands, which indicates their wide circulation, and the territory of their circulation quite clearly fits into the habitat of the Chernyakhov culture, in particular the middle and upper Pobuzhzhia, Transnistria and Volhynia. A huge number of such coins allows us to talk about parallel money circulation. At the same time, there are no mentions of the organization and existence of a stable money circulation in the specified lands in the ancient sources. In recent years, active attempts have been made to study the finding of fake denarii, their analysis and systematization. The rapid growth of numismatic material due to the active use of metal detectors allows us to assert the presence of a significant percentage of fake cast denarii among the finds of ancient coins. Moreover, as fans of instrument metal detectors claim, in some areas of Middle Transnistria, the percentage of cast and full silver denarii is almost the same. For historical and archaeological science, such methods of obtaining sources are unacceptable, but historians and archaeologists should consider information of this origin for scientific analysis. Several years of monitoring of information and Internet resources attests to massive finds in the mentioned territory of objects related to Roman times, primarily buckles and fibulae. Among the coin finds, Roman silver denarii and their copies, or fake cast denarii, called "limesni", dominate. We consider this name to be apt and include in this category cast denarii, which were made according to the model of a coin of official state minting, but from a different material, mostly bronze. Therefore, the mass of finds raises the question of the reasons for production and the place of cast denarii in the economy of barbarian tribes at that time. In the late Roman period, border contact zones began to form on the borders of the immense empire. The territory of the middle course of the Dniester River (modern Podillia) became one of such zones, which is characterized by a significant number of recorded monuments of the Chernyakhov culture and the presence of Trajan's ramparts. The region between Smotrych and other left tributaries of the middle course of the Dniester and the upper reaches of the Southern Bug is considered to be the center of the process of formation of the Chernyakhiv culture. Research in recent years has revealed new monuments of the late Roman period and even places where coins and fibulae were foundry of that period. At the same time, numerous finds of fake (so-called lime) denarii of local production are recorded, which puts on the agenda the question of the place of these coins in the economy of the population of the region. The researchers even located several centers of "production" of cast denarii in the area where the Chernyakhiv culture spread (the village of Korzhivtsi, Khmelnytskyi region, as well as at other sites in the Rivne, Khmelnytskyi, and Vinnytsia regions), which gives grounds to attest to the local production of such coins. In the works of researchers of recent years, the types and groups of fake coins of the Roman era were determined, and the elemental composition of cast denarius alloys was analyzed. In 2018, a center for the "production" of cast denarii was located near the village of Abrikosivka, Kamianets-Podilskyi district. Here sprues, coins with remnants of sprues, "production defect" and foundry slag were discovered. Among the "finished products" are exclusively "replicas" of the denarius of Antoninus Pius and Marcus Aurelius. Incidentally, it should be noted that in both of the above examples, a special casting technique common in the Middle East and Taurica was used in the centers of "production" of cast denarii at the Korzhivtsi and Abrikosivka sites. The limitation of the source base does not allow to fully reproduce the peculiarities of the economic development of the territory of Middle Transnistria in the II–V centuries. N. e. However, the spread of the fake coin testifies to a massive and well-organized money circulation in the local environment. No other coinage period has known such a large number of counterfeit coins in circulation. In addition, most of these denarii are quite skillfully made and bear traces of long-term use. Such coins were made of bronze with various ligature impurities, which in circulation were supposed to "work" less than silver denarii, which, with a high fineness of silver, were quite soft and quickly wore out during use. Therefore, a significant number of fake coins is a manifestation of their certain place in economic life and certain needs of the market. The perspective of further research. The analysis of mass finds of fake denarius, some of which were discovered at the places of their foundry production, should be considered in the context of the spread of "Roman fashion" and the mass use of fibulae, rings and buckles of the Roman type in the local environment. We believe that lime denarii add to the understanding of the polyethnicity of the Chernyakhiv culture, since for several centuries they provided the economic and economic needs of the internal trade of the Gothic military elite with agricultural producers of agricultural products.
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The aim of this study is to provide a new perspective on the Barcelona mancuses minted in the name of the Ḥammūdid caliphs of al-Andalus, in the 5th/11th century. It has traditionally been thought that both their dates and the choice of the types they imitate were random and that they were minted in response to mere economic issues. However, by considering the chronology of the model types and analyzing them in their unique historical context in which, unlike other Christian powers that issued imitation coins, the counts of Barcelona were vassals to the caliphs of Cordoba, we can conclude that neither the choice of model types nor the dates and known mint names are “the result of a whim”, as some have stated, but rather that they responded to the policy of alliances of the counts of Barcelona with the different powers of al-Andalus. They represent evidence of the recognition of the sovereignty of the Ḥammūdid caliphs, a recognition which has, at the very least, a legitimating value. Lastly, the coin hoards prove that the mancuses circulated not only in the territory of present-day Catalonia (the treasure of Odena), but also beyond its borders. This is evidenced by the treasure of Kyiv, which may well be a reflection of the relations between the Sephardic communities and those of the principality of Kyiv at a time when the interest in the ancient Khazar kingdom is reflected in the literature produced in Sepharad.
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The sources speak eloquently about the extreme charity of the empresses from 5th century. They built temples, orphanages and supported their work. Their mission was spread all over the empire, which is proved by the discovered coins of theirs. The golden coins which they donated not only supported the church financially, but also helped their activity in disseminating and establishing the Christian religion. The signs of Christ complement and in separate cases prevail over their pragmatic properties. The difference about the view about the role of the monetary units of the empresses is that their “spiritual value” in 5th century was also an important means for the state politics not only a medium of exchange. The support of the religion life at places had not only financial dimensions, which for that age was of extreme importance. That process underwent in an atmosphere of impoverishing of the town population, as the church advanced economically with the help of the state. That explains the fact why in the church buildings and around them such a great amount of coins from 6th century has been found, but near the public ones they decreased at the end of 4th century. The discovery location of the coins of the empresses clearly shows the area and the sites, connected with charity and religious activities of the Augusts. At the dissemination and establishing the Christianity the state used all possible means. It was imperative because of the heterogeneous ethnic structure of the population of Trace and Dacia during 4th-6th centuries, which created conditions for arising of various diversions from the Christian religion – the heresies. The inspection of the location of findings golden coins of empresses shows that they were discovered in/or at a short distance from the region of the Late Antiquity settlements and fortresses: Abrittus (now Razgrad), Beroe – Augusta Traiana (now Stara Zagora) Nicopolis ad Istrum – the old settlement near the village of Dichin, Kyustendil, Nicopolis ad Nestum (now Gotse Delchev), Strogovia (Kailuka – Pleven), Ryahovets, Sadovets, Tuida (now Sliven), Philipopolis (now Plovdiv), the fortress of Shumen. The listed places coincide with the territories with bishop centers, significant population and outstanding Christian temples from 4th and 5th centuries. It gives a good reason to search the connection between the gold in question, the cult artifacts and their religious meaning. During the Late Antiquity the role of the bishop institution increased rapidly, not only in the church life, but also in the civil ruling system. The area bishops began to take active part in the control of the towns, occupying a great deal of the town curia functions. That happened with the blessing of the emperor’s power, which gave such authority to the bishops, so that they were able to control and inspect various decisions of the non-clerical authorities. The topography of the monetary unit subject of the article is a good token in their interpretation as a means of propaganda of the still new Christian religion where the preliminary and dictatorial reasons of the emperor institution could be seen. The coins are subject of this study; they concentrate the ideological power in the image of еmpresses. Coupled with the Christian symbols they outline a spiritual vector in their dissemination. Thus the commercial role of money was combined with their spiritual mission to help the church establish the faith in Christ.
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This paper discusses two denominations of gold coins struck by the Sasanian king of kings, Khusro II (590–628). They both have the same design. On the obverse is the profile head of the king facing right, similar to that found on the silver but without the marginal stars and crescents. The legend on the left is the same as that on the drachms but there is a longer legend on the right so the whole legend reads: 'Khusro king of kings has increased the royal glory‘. On the reverse there is a facing bust with the head surrounded by flames, similar to that seen on some 'special‘ issue silver drachms. There have been a number of different identifications of this bust, the most plausible being that it is the personification of xwarrah, the 'Royal Glory‘, a concept that was very important to Khusro II. There is no mint on these gold coins but there is a date, regnal year 21(610/11), on the left. On the right the legend reads: 'he (= Khusro II) has increased Ērān, he is well-omened‘. Gold coins were struck in small quantities by most Sasanian kings. It appears tohave been mostly a ceremonial coinage, with only Shapur II (309–79) and Peroz (459–84) striking larger amounts. Khusro II‘s gold coinage is relatively plentiful when compared to that of other late Sasanian rulers. Khusro II‘s predecessor, Hormizd IV(579–90), struck no gold coins and only five coins of Khusro I (531–79) have been recorded. The usurper Vahran VI (590–1) is the sole other late Sasanian king whose gold coins have survived in comparatively large numbers. The larger of Khusro‘s two denominations, the heavy (or 1½) dinar, is known from three specimens, plus another which has been over-struck as an Ilkhanid dinar of Abu Said (1316–35). The smaller denomination, the light (or 1) dinar, is more plentiful with over 50 coins recorded. The year 21 gold coinage was struck using three obverse and three reverse dies, one pair of dies being used for both the heavy and light dinar coins. Two obverse and reverse dies were used together but the third pair has not yet been linked to them. As light dinars of Khusro II are regularly seem in commerce this picture may change. The gold coins have been listed and the source of each coin noted (Table 1). All the dies have been identified, and the available physical information, weight, diameter and die axis, has been added. The result shows that two pairs of dies were used to strike 42 out of the 53 light dinars and also the three heavy dinars. The other die pairings struck many fewer coins: one pair struck eight coins, one pair struck two coins and one pair struck one coin. A number of the coins are double struck on both obverse and reverse and one reverse die has a flaw across the neck and shoulder of xwarrah (reverse die 1). Die flaws and double striking are frequently seen on the drachm coinage and it is evident that the mint did not take especial care when producing the gold. The average weight of the light or 1 dinar coins is 4.56 grams (with a mean of 4.57 grams). The average of the four heavy dinars is about 6.73 grams but with so few coins one cannot arrive at any definitive result regarding the weight. The relationship between these two denominations is not clear (4.57g x 1½ = 6.855g). The diameters of the light dinars vary between 21.3 and 23.5 millimetres (from 16 specimens). The diameters of the heavy dinars are similar, as one would expect, varying between 22 and 22.7 millimetres. The exception is the over-struck coin which is larger.
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The aim of the study – is presentation of a new findings of Scandinavian coins ІХ–ХІ centuries at the territory of Ukraine. The article is a continuation of the research presented in the article "New finds of Scandinavian coins of the ІХ–ХІ centuries at the territory of Ukraine", published in 2020. Research methodology – principles of historicism, generalization, historical-typological, comparative analyzis. Scientific novelty. Author is using information published at the Violiti auction forum site to study finding of Western European denarii in Ukraine. Violiti auction forum is the specific site to post images of findings coins for their attribution. The article is a continuation of the research taking place in the publication "New findings of Scandinavian coins IX–XI centuries at the territory of Ukraine" (No 4. 2020): The Ukrainian Numismatic Annual). Half-bracteate (No 1) is among the finds of early Danish coins and belongs to the "second row" of the first Danish coins. It was struck during the reign of king Harald Bluetooth (ruled 958–987). This is the fourth registered case of half-bracteate finds in Ukraine. We discussed the first two finds (Kyiv region) in the previous article. Also, the fragment of the similar half-bracteate is a piece of the Andrushyvka village treasure (Zhytomyr region). P. Hauberg dates coins to 940–960 AD. Later Britt Malmer attributed similar coin types to 975–980. The minting place is also not ascertained. It is either Yelling, Roskilde, or Lund. Denarius (No 2) was minted by Danish king Hardeknud (ruled 1018–1042). It is an imitation of the Cnut the Great English penny of "Helmet" type. This is the third coin of this king found in Ukraine. Same type Danish coins (No 3; 4; 5) were minted by king Svend II Estridsen (ruled 1047–1074). Numbers 3 and 4 are similar. Coin No. 5 attracts attention with slightly different image on the obverse – small head is on the right side (not as usual on left), and the big head is turned right, not left. Between heads is the image of a cross. Among three Swedish coins (No 7–9) there are unusual No 7 and No 9 artifacts. Coin No 7 is a combined type with image of a short cross on one side and long cross – on another side of the coin. This is not typical for Æthelred‘s II the Unready penny imitations minted by king Olaf Scotking (r. 995–1022). Coin No 8 represents this imitation type. Denarius No 9 is an imitation of the English king Æthelred‘s II the Unready "Agnus Dei" penny with the image of the Lamb of God on the obverse. On the reverse – the image of a cross with four balls in the corners – duplication of the Knuth the Great penny ―Pointed Helmet‖ reverse. Britt Malmer indites that the mentioned coins should be attributed to the period 1023–1030 when the original ―Pointed Helmet‖ coins was minted. According to her classification ‗1020–1030‘ is the III period (namely from 1023) of the Swedish coins mint, which fits the reign of king Anund Jakob (ruled 1022–1050). Denarius No. 9 is the third recorded find of king Anund Jakob coin at Ukraine territory. Coiin No 10 is Denarius of the Irish king Sihtric III Olavsson (reigned 995–1036) are rare find in Ukraine. This coin, found in Volyn region in almost perfect condition, was described at our publication. It is the same kind of Æthelred II the Unready "large cross" type coin imitations that was described at publication (No. 10). There are problems with these items time dating. Some authors believe that coins belong to the Phase I of imitations and were struck between 1000 and 1018. It is argument by the presence of monetarius Firemen name. Other struck of these imitations belong to the Phase II between 1018 and 1035. Copper coin No 11 we quite conditionally denote as Scandinavian. Æthelred‘s II the Unready penny, like other Western European denarii, was widely circulated in Kievan Rus at the first half of the 11th century. This led to an influx of both quality and counterfeit imitating of the penny. It is even possible that some were anufactured at the territory of Kievan Rus. However, the character of King‘s bust depiction and the long cross bring it closer to Scandinavian mint. That time copper Swedish coins also were present at circulation according to Britt Malmer. The Conclusions. Thus, author concludes, we can state Scandinavian coins presence in southern part of Kievan Rus monetary circulation. Total number of coins minted in Scandinavia was insignificant compared to coins minted at other Western European states. This may indirectly indicate high level of Western European denarii usage intensity as means of payment in Ukrainian territories of those times. Some data show that such denarii were in circulation in southern Russia in the third quarter of the XI century. This is evidenced by the findings of the coins of the Danish King Sven Estridsen, whose reign dates to this very time. It should be noted that the presence of coins of the first half of the XI century with denarius of the third quarter of this century is not so frivolous. This, in our opinion, increases the time period of circulation of Western European denars on historical Ukrainian lands until the beginning of the XII century.
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After the city of Antioch was captured by the crusaders in 1098 Bohemond of Tarentum declared himself Prince of Antioch. In the summer of 1099 he was captured by the Danishmendids and remained a prisoner for four years. During his absence Antioch was ruled by his nephew Tancred. In 1104 Bohemond left the Holy Land and never returned. Until his death in 1111 he titled himself Prince of Antioch and was succeeded by his infant son, also called Bohemond. Tancred (1104–12) and his successor Roger (1112–19) also used the title Prince‘ and obviously considered themselves more than just simply ‗regents‘ for Bohemond I or II. The coinage attributed to Bohemond I, prince of Antioch (1098–1111) consists of a single type in copper in Byzantine style. It depicts a bust of St Peter on the obverse and a floreate cross, with the letters B H M T in the angles, on the reverse. Ever since it was first attributed to Bohemond I by de Saulcy in 1847 it has been generally accepted that this type is a coin of Bohemond I and not Bohemond II (1119–30). The copper coins of the princes of Antioch were usually overstruck on preceding types and until now there has been no sign of a coin of Bohemond‘s successors, the ‗regents‘ Tancred, Roger and Bohemond II, overstruck on a coin of Bohemond I. The article publishes a clear example of a type 3 coin of Tancred overstruck on a coin of Bohemond I, so the identification is now secure. The coins of Bohemond I are scarce but recently a relatively large number have appeared in trade. This provides an opportunity to analyse the coinage in more detail. There are two types in somewhat different styles and it is not clear whether they should be regarded as substantive types or just the work of different die cutters. The article considers the possibility that one could belong to the first period of Bohemond‘s presence in Antioch and the other to his second. If this is the case then it is possible that some of Tancred‘s early coins date from the time of his first ‗regency‘ since the precedent for coinage had been established. It seems more likely, however, that both types belong to Bohemond‘s second stay and that Tancred did not begin to coin until after Bohemond left Antioch for good.
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In the following article, two copper coins of the Artuqid ruler Fakhr al-Dīn Qarā Arslān are presented and discussed. These two coins are widely known, but are described and interpreted differently. It will be demonstrated how, through superficial observation and careless description of coins, errors can be found even in the standard literature. Such errors, as will be demonstrated here, lead to interpretations that are largely erroneous.
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The purpose of the article. The main goal of the article is to highlight the peculiarities of the circulation of foreign coins of Western Europe in monetary circulation in Volyn in the XV–XVII centuries. Research methodology. During the work on this article, general scientific methods, such as analytical, chronological, and topographical, were used. The scientific novelty lies in the fact that for the first time all information about Western European coins in monetary circulation in Volyn was collected and their role in monetary circulation was analyzed. Research conclusions. Most of the foreign coins in circulation in Volyn in the 15th–17th centuries were of large denominations, such as thalers (and their fractions) and ducats. There are also many treasures with small coins of certain popular denominations. These are Teutonic shillings and money of the 15th century and groschens of the Holy Roman Empire of the first quarter of the 17th century. Treasures are found both completely from these coins and with a small part of them. There are many isolated finds of these coins. Therefore, despite the development of the coin system of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland and the increase in minting of coins during the XV–XVII centuries, treasures and isolated finds of coins from foreign Western countries confirm that they played a significant role in the monetary circulation of Volhynia in the XV–XVII centuries. They also testify to direct and indirect trade connections with the Holy Roman Empire, the Saxon lands, the United Provinces of the Netherlands, Venice, and the state of the Teutonic Order in Prussia.
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Polska Krajowa Kasa Pożyczkowa była bankiem emisyjnym powołanym 6 grudnia 1916 r. przez niemieckie władze okupacyjne Generalnego Gubernatorstwa Warszawskiego z prawem emisji marki polskiej równej marce niemieckiej. Miała ona obiegać na terenie utworzonego Aktem Dwóch Cesarzy (Niemiec i Austro-Węgier) 5 listopada Królestwa Polskiego z ziem dawnego Królestwa zaboru rosyjskiego. 24 kwietnia 1917 r. rubel przestał być na ziemiach polskich prawnym środkiem płatniczym. Przejęta przez władze polskie 11 listopada 1918 r. Polska Krajowa Kasa Pożyczkowa (PKKP) pełniła czynności pierwszego w Polsce banku emisyjnego i przeprowadziła unifikację obiegu pieniężnego na podstawie marki polskiej. Początki tworzenia PKKP i marki polskiej odtworzyć można na podstawie pamiętnika polskiego działacza gospodarczego Stanisława Dzierzbickiego. On to był jednym z promotorów tworzenia banku i emisji marek polskich nazywanych pospolicie „Notami Kriesa‖.
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Management of water losses, or more correctly, the management of nonrevenue waters, is one of the most important activates in the work of every water company, on which not only the success of the company is dependent, but also the satisfaction of the end users. This is an activity which the company is obliged to carry out as long as there is a water supply system and it is closely tied to a number of other processes that also contribute to the efficiency of the overall business.
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Recent reexamination of our archives led us to a group of 20 gold coins (Alexander the Great and Lysimachus type staters, Late Roman solidi, several Byzantine coins and one Venetian) - a significant collection from the interwar period belonging to Maria Golescu(1897-1988). Member of the Romanian Numismatic Society from 1923, she was arrested and imprisoned for 12 years by the communist regime between 1949 and 1962, emigrating in the same year in the United Kingdom. The coins were sold to the Library of the Romanian Academy in 1963 by a close person of Maria Golescu. There are 4 Alexander-type staters from Kallatis (2; Price 897 and 914), Sardes (1; Price 2533) and Babylon (1; Price 3748). Alexander-type staters from Kallatis were extremely rare in the interwar period, coming most of them from the Anadol hoard discovered in 1895. Examining the catalogue of Hess auction from October 1903 (250 staters from Anadol hoard) we notice that there were 14 samples Price 914 from Kallatis (nos. 90-103), only 1 illustrated (nr. 96) and different from Maria Golescu’s same type stater. 30 years later further 60 staters from the Anadol hoard were sold in Schlessinger auction from February 1935, only the type Price 897 being represented by a single coin (nr. 671) again different from that coming from Maria Golescu’s collection. Although we don’t have any direct evidence yet, but only indirect and circumstantial ones, we think there is a good chance that they came from the Anadol hoard (IGCH 866).
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The article deals with a hoard of 31 Hungarian denars of Matthias Corvinus and Vladislav II (24 and 7, respectively), issued between 1468-1505, in workshops of Kremnica, Baia Mare, Buda, Cassovia, Wrocław, Vienna. The hoard was found on the territory of Bârlinți village, now extinct. The village was mentioned in the written sources since the 15th century. It was located on the left bank of the Corovăț river, about 500-600 meters from its discharge in Siret. Currently, the hoard is kept at MȘAEO.The hoard from Bârlinți joins other monetary deposits found on the territory of Principality of Moldova, which included Hungarian denars of these two issuers, dated from the 16th till the 18th centuries (over 30 coin hoards). The closest analogy is the Suceava/1967 deposit, formed of 69 denars, with a terminus post quem 1501.The discussed hoard is interesting from the point of view of the monetary marks and/or signs that appear in different combinations on coins. Some of them are not published. The article discusses in particular the period of issue of these coins. Among the lesser-known pieces are those of Matthias Corvinus, struck in the Kremnica workshop, probably by Veil Mühlstein, and especially those attributed to the workshop of Wrocław and Vienna. Also, some coins of Vladislav II minted at Kremnica by Stephanus Ryzmegl and Erasmus Rezl, Andreas Hellebrand and Franz Körnidel are discussed.
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