Полско-германският конфликт и българската дипломация (март-август 1939 г.)

Author(s): Nikolai Kotchankov / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 1/2015

The proclamation of the independence of Slovakia and the proclamation of the protectorate Bohemia and Moravia definitely obliterated the agreed in 1938 in Munich guarantees for the territorial integrity of residual Czechoslovakia. The incorporation of the Czech industry by Germany strengthened dramatically the military potential of the country. In political terms, the interests of the Western democracies were seriously damaged and the further inaction of Britain and France would lead to a complete German hegemony in Europe and their transformation into secondary players on the political scene. The study is related to the approaching anniversary of World War II and it discusses Polish-German relations from the perspective of Bulgarian diplomacy. The text is based on the author’s research in the Bulgarian diplomatic archives. It uses reports and telegrams from the royal embassies in Warsaw, Berlin, Paris, Moscow, Stockholm, London, which provide evidence of the undoubted Bulgarian interest in the development of Polish-German relations. It covers the period from the destruction of Czechoslovakia until the conclusion of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, which determined the fourth division of Poland.

Полското рицарство и България в контекста на първия кръстоносен поход („Кръстоносци“ на Зофия Косак)

Author(s): Ivan G. Raychev / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 2/2018

Тhis article comes in connection with the 60th anniversary of the death of Polish writer Zofia Kosak (1899–1968). Нer most famous novel, Krzyїowcy (Crusaders), is mainly related to the First Crusade (1095–1099), but here we focus on an episode of the novel, which is a little deviant from the theme of the First Crusade and refers to another historical context. Thе article deals with the interpretation of Zophia Kosak of an important event of Bulgarian history – the return to Bulgaria after the defeat at the Battle of Belasitsa (1014) of Bulgarian soldiers blinded by the Byzantine emperor Basil II. We try to find the answer to the following questions: How, according to the novel Krzyїowcy, this event blends into the context of the First Crusade; Is there anything in common with the fate of the Bulgarian and Polish warriors in the XI century? Is it possible that the author has created “her own” “Bulgarian folk song”?

Полусамостоятелни владения в северозападните български земи от края на XII до началото на XIV в.

Author(s): Hristin Lalev / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 4/2018

The article focuses on the semi-autonomous possessions in the north-western Bulgarian lands between the end of the XII and the beginning of the XIV century. The main accent is placed on Vidin region. The political model formed there at the end of the XIII and the beginning of the XIV century was mentioned as the basic prerequisite for the future development of the area in the middle and the second half of the XIV century.

Полуслужбено партнерство – Југославија и Савезна Република Немачка шездесетих година XX века

Author(s): Zoran Janjetović / Language(s): Serbian / Publication Year: 0

The paper deals with the relations of Yugoslavia with West Germany in 1960s. It gives a survey of these relations in the previous decades and concentrates on their development particularly since the official breach of diplomatic relations in 1957. Political questions (such as indemnification for victims of Nazi persecutions or quasi-medical experiments, recognition of the German Democratic Republic), economic cooperation (credits, trade, tourism, „gastarbeiters”) and extreme anti-Yugoslav political emigration are dealt with. The paper embeds these matters in a broader context of international relations. The article is based on Yugoslav and German archival sources and relevant literature but it does not propose to be more than just a sketch of rich and variegated relations between the two countries.

Полша и Украинската народна република в периода 1919 – 1920

Author(s): Mirosław Szumiło / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 6/2018

The common enemy of the reborn Poland and the Ukrainian People’s Republic was Bolshevik Russia. On the initiative of the leaders of both countries: Józef Piłsudski and Symon Petlura, an alliance agreement was signed between Poland and the Ukrainian People’s Republic on 22 April 1920. Piłsudski treated cooperation with Ukraine as a key element of his broader plan to rebuild eastern Europe. The result of the concluded alliance was the participation of the Ukrainian army in defense of Poland against the Bolshevik invasion in the summer of 1920. However, the great military victory was largely wasted politically because no Ukrainian state was established. The Treaty of Riga, signed on March 18, 1921, signified de facto defeat of Piłsudski’s plans.

Поп Ташо от Кашина, виден общественик, религиозен и просветен деятел в Мелнишко

Author(s): Atanas Kremenliev / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 4/2003

Попконстантинов, К., А.-М. Тотоманова. Епохата на българския цар Самуил. Език и писменост

Author(s): Anisava Miltenova / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 30/2015

Попов, Ж. - Кюстендилци в Съединението и Сръбско-българската война - 1885 г. Сборник документи. Съставител Тодор Димитров. Кюстендил, 2005, 96 с.

Author(s): Zheko Popov / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 1/2006

Попов, Жеко. Румъния и българският национален въпрос (Македония и Добруджа) 1903 - 1913 г. С, 2004, 317 с. Рецензия от Тодор Димитров

Author(s): Todor Dimitrov / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 2/2005

Поредният завой в българската политика по македонския въпрос през 1971 г.

Author(s): Stoyan Germanov / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 4/2011

Посета Ворена Натера помоћника секретара за одбрану САД за питања међународне безбедности Југославији, 05–07. септембра 1970.

Author(s): Tanja Milošević / Language(s): Serbian / Issue: 2/2014

Почетак седамдесетих година је допринео нуклеарној равнотежи САД и СССР и смањио је могућност њихове директне оружане конфронтације. Споразумевање две силе (тзв. ера детанта) је постала стална компонента њихових односа. Појава НР Кине на међународној сцени је све значајније почела да утиче на кретања у свету уопште. Унела је промене и у односе међу суперсилама које је почела да карактерише повећана међузависност у «троуглу» великих сила. Криза на Блиском истоку је унела нове значајне елементе у односе међу суперсилама и међународну ситуацију уопште. Блиски исток је постао објекат нагађања великих сила са свим опасним последицама за независност земаља са тог подручја. Вијетнамски рат је везивао руке свим великим силама у њиховој политици у Азији као и у њиховим међусобним односима. Борба између ове три силе за јачање и ширење њихових хегемонистичких позиција у свету је дала основно обележје међународним односима тог времена. [...]

ПОСЕЩЕНИЕ НА ЧАСТ ОТ УЧАСТНИЦИТЕ В МЕЖДУНАРОДНАТА АСАМБЛЕЯ „ЗНАМЕ НА МИРА“ ПРЕЗ 1979, 1982, 1985 И 1988 ГОДИНИ В ГРАД ВАРНА

Author(s): Marin Marinov / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 1/2018

The subject of the report is the foundation, the structures, the opening and the activities of the International Children's Assembly "Zname na mira/Flag of Peace" in Sofia in 1979, 1982, 1985 and 1988. They are presented in a summarized form. The accent is on the visits to Varna of part of the participants in the assembly.

ПОСЛАНИЦА АНИ ПАЛЕОЛОГИНИ ГРИГОРИЈА ПАЛАМЕ (УЗ ИЗДАЊЕ СРПСКОСЛОВЕНСКОГ ПРЕВОДА ИЗ ЗБОРНИКА 41 МАНАСТИРА СВЕТЕ ТРОЈИЦЕ КОД ПЉЕВАЉА)

Author(s): Jelica Stojanović,Mikonja Knežević / Language(s): Serbian / Issue: 56/2019

Теолошки спор око исихазма тијесно је био повезан са политичким дешавањима у Ромејском царству. То је нарочито био случај када је ријеч о његовој другој фази, која се поклопила са грађанским ратом из 1341–1347. године. Сложени сукоб између Григорија Паламе и Григорија Акиндина разријешен је осудом потоњег, а у њега је била укључена и царица Ана Савојска. У циљу подробнијег упознавања са теолошким питањима која су била у игри, она је у једном трeнутку затражила изјашњење од главних протагониста спора. Палама је своје ставове саопштио у виду кратке посланице, у којој се настоји одбранити од оптужбе за „двобоштво“ и показати како је његово разликовање суштаства и енергија у Богу у складу са отачким предањем. У тексту се даје историјска, богословска и филолошка анализа ове Паламине посланице, са посебним освртом на до сада непознати српскословенски препис који је пронађен у манастиру Свете Тројице код Пљеваља. На крају је дат српскословенски превод напоредо са грчким изворником и преводом на савремени српски језик. Упоредна анализа показује да између грчке и српскословенске редакције постоје разлике, што је вјероватно посљедица чињенице да је средњовјековни преводилац имао нешто другачији предложак од оног којим располажемо данас.

Посланици на държавната независимост: българските дипломатически представители в Цариград (края на XIX – началото на ХХ век)

Author(s): Aleka Strezova / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 1/2017

The paper focuses on the diplomatic activity of the Bulgarian representatives in Constantinople in the end of 19th – beginning of 20th century. During that time Bulgaria was vassal to the Ottoman Empire but was resolutely striving to emancipate from the suzerain. The text emphasizes the personal efforts of the Bulgarian representatives for rejecting the Ottoman suzerainty after the official recognition of Prince Ferdinand in 1896 till the declaration of the Bulgarian independence in 1908. It is clearly seen that they are not only blind executors of their governmental foreign policy but have their own contribution walking the way of emancipation in respect to the Ottoman empire.

Последнее советское мегасобытие: XII Всемирный фестиваль молодежи и студентов 1985 года в Москве

Author(s): A. D. Popov / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 25/2018

This article characterizes foreign policy and the cultural and diplomatic aspects of the XII World Festival of Youth and Students (Festival-85) that was held in Moscow from July 27 to August 3, 1985. Based on various sources, including archival and published documents, press materials, and eyewitness accounts, the author examines the place and role of this mega-event in Soviet cultural diplomacy in the final stage of the Cold War. The present projection of the festival program had anti-imperialist rhetoric directed against the USA and other capitalist countries, aggravated by military-political opposition of the two blocks in Afghanistan and Latin America in the mid-1980s. In designing images of the past, main attention was been paid to justifying the key role of the USSR in the victory in World War II and to raising historical parallels between fascism and American imperialism. The Soviet Union was positioned as the unique center for consolidation of anti-imperialist forces capable of solving mankind’s global problems, such as the threat of a new world war, uneven and unstable economic development, and racial, national, and political discrimination. At the same time, freedom of festival communication was limited, and the Soviet side aimed to avoid discussion of “loaded questions” connected with events in Afghanistan and the restriction of the rights and freedoms of Soviet citizens. Also, despite the aspiration to show socialism’s absolute advantages and exclusive merits of the “new Soviet person,” Soviet leaders could not solve several organizational problems that drew attention of the western press.

Посолският приказ и неговата дейност при администрирането на посещенията на представители на православния изток в Русия през XVII век

Author(s): Veselin Goranchev / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 1/2019

In its first part, this publication presents general information about the ambassadorial prikaz. It is а part of the so-called Prikaz System in Russia, whose nascency date back to the end of the 15th and the beginning of the 16th century, and has existed for more than 200 years. During its existence, the ambassadorial prikaz carried out various tasks, the main one being the conduct of the foreign affairs of the Russian state. It was closed with the liquidation of the Prikaz System in the early 18th century.The second and main part of the publication discusses the activities of the ambassadorial prikaz in the managing the visits from the Orthodox East to the Russian lands. For this purpose, a document is used, which is stored in the RSААА (Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts). The document is from the middle of the 17th century. It is written in Russian and in essence is a file that provides information about the visitation in Russia of a delegation from the Monastery "Transfiguration of Jesus" of the Greven Diocese. The delegation is led by Archimandrite Gavril (Gabriel). In its composition are also the butler of the monastery David, Hieromonk Joseph and a translator whose name in Russian is written as Mihailo Ostafiev. The contents of the file provide detailed information on the activities of the Russian authorities and, in particular, on the ambassadorial prikaz on the managing the visits from the Orthodox East in Russian lands.

ПОСОЛЬСКОЕ ПРАВО И ПОЛОЖЕНИЕ ПОСЛОВ В РИМЕ В VIII – III ВВ. ДО Н. Э.

Author(s): Ludmila Mihailovna Shmeleva / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 3/2016

The paper is devoted to the study of ambassadorial law and the status of ambassadors in Ancient Rome during the 8th – 3rd centuries BC. The methodology of the paper is based on the principles of historicism, i.e., all events are considered in their historical dependence. The general principles of historiographical analysis are used: identification of the research issue, analysis of theoretical and methodological perspectives. The formation of ambassadorial law and the status of Roman ambassadors in other communities and states, as well as those of foreign ambassadors in Rome are examined. Firstly, the legal regulations enabling the activities of ambassadors in Rome are analyzed. Secondly, terms referring to ambassadors in Rome are considered. Thirdly, it is discussed how ambassadors were sent and received in Rome. The activities of ambassadors were regulated by ambassadorial law (ius legatorum) and law of nations (ius gentium). There were three terms to refer to ambassadors in Rome depending on the status of the messenger: legates (legati), speakers (oratores), and envoys of peace (caduceatores). The basic rituals developed in the Royal period, changes occurred in the period of the Republic when real power was in the hands of the Senate. The position of embassies was significantly dependent on from which state they came – friendly or hostile. In the first case, they were allowed into the city. In the second case, ambassadors were placed outside the city walls and their movement was limited. The obtained results are important for reconstruction of Roman diplomatic activity.

Посольства к Александру Македонскому в Бактры и Мараканду царей левобережного и правобережного Хорезма Фарасмана и Фратаферна

Author(s): Edvard V. Rtveladze / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 3/2016

This paper considers the question of the embassy to Alexander the Great from the Chorasmian king, whose name is mentioned in Arrian as Pharasmanes and in Quintus Curtius as Phrataphernes. Contrary to earlier assumptions, which regarded Pharasmanes and Phrataphernes as one and the same person, or as the father and son, the author suggests that they were in fact two different kings of two historically traditional parts of Chorasmia — western (left bank) and eastern (right bank) Chorasmia. Western Chorasmia was ruled over by Pharasmanes, while eastern Chorasmia by Phrataphernes. This is evident, first of all, from the mention of their neighbouring peoples: the Colchians and Amazons (Sarmatians) are referred to as neighbours of Pharasmanes, while the Dahae and Massagets as neighbours of Phrataphernes. Source accounts from the classical texts, as well as the archaeological, historical and geographical records clearly indicate that western and eastern Chorasmia differed from one another not only in material and artistic culture, but also in political organization and royal dynasties, representing two separate state formations. This process can be followed from earliest times to the present day.

Постапокалиптични реалии. Икономическото възстановяване на Кралството на сърби, хървати и словенци (КСХС) и България след Първата световна война

Author(s): Hristo Berov / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 1/2020

The main emphasis of this text above is economic reconstruction of the Balkan countries that followed hardships and horrors of World War One. Being part of the European continent, the Balkan countries face serious difficulties in overcoming the effects of the global conflict and cannot be separated from political and social crises devastating the continent by the mid-1920s. Those aspects are quite well, though not enough, covered. Far less attention is paid to the economic efforts to overcome post-war difficulties. It is precisely this aspect that is the focus of this research, with the main purpose of empirically testing the working hypothesis of the identical behavior of the Balkan states in a situation of global political and economic crisis, such as Bulgaria and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes in the years after the First World War. The choice of the two countries is justified by a methodological point of view, since it makes it possible to find similarities and to distinguish differences in the economic recovery policies of the two countries that fall into the camp of the defeated and the victorious ones, respectively, which at first sight is a condition of a different type of problems, policies and results. Setting them against the backdrop of pan-European and global trends, in turn, guarantees a better look at the “uniqueness” of specific post-world-war-one Balkan conditions.

Потенциалът на съвременните социални мрежи –предизвикателство и отговорност пред научните и културните организации

Author(s): Mihaela Vasileva / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 3/2017

The topic under discussion is an attempt at an evaluation of the socio-cultural exchange that runs on daily basis through social networks.