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The Warsaw Commitee of the Polish United Workers Party (PZPR) was one of the biggest regional party commitees constituting the middle level of the party apparatus. The wave of strikes in summer 1980 surprised both the country leaders and regional party structures. In face of critical situation, the Warsaw Committee’s absurd strategy was to pretend that nothing much was happening. At that time a lot of party members gave up their membership.
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In the dedications of the temple of the Pontic Mother of the Gods (4th century BC – 4th century) in Dionysopolis (now the town of Balchik) on Bulgarian Northern Black Sea Coast the goddesses‘ references are Pontic Mother of the Gods, Pontic Mother, Pontic Goddess Mother, Mother of the Gods. In other inscriptions from the Black Sea region is used Mother of the Gods (Bizone, Istros/Histria, Tomis, Olbia), Pantikapaion – Phrygian Mother, Mesambria – Kybele Mother, Marcianopolis – Heavenly Mother of the Gods. The concept of Pontic is found in inscriptions for Aphrodite from Histria and Olbia, from Tiristasis, Kyzikos/Cyzicus and the island of Kos, where it is a protector of sailors. Obviously, in the case of the Pontic goddess of the Temple of Dionysopolis, it is a protector from and into the sea. It is certain that behind the term Pontic lies the meaning of the sea, and this characteristic as the Sea Mother of the Gods, according to the use of forms of the Ionic dialect, probably originates in Asia Minor. In the traditional culture of the town of Sozopol (ancient poleis Apollonia Pontica) and in the others towns of Bulgarian Southern Black Sea coast, the Sea Mother (Greek Kiratalassa = mistress, lady soveraign, ruler of the sea) is the Goddess of the Sea. Its strength and power is so great that it can both break the sea and the worst storm to make it subsided. To express their esteem to her, fishermen portray her as a bust of a female figure made of wood. It is placed at the front of the boat’s nose to protect them in the sea. The comparability of the deities of the Sea Mother of the Gods from Antiquity in Dionysopolis (now town of Balchik) on Bulgarian Northern Black Sea Coast and the Sea Mother of the Twentieth Century in the town of Sozopol on Bulgarian Southern Black Sea Coast – allows for the problem situation to come up with a working hypothesis that would say it is for the Great Goddess Mother as a Thracian-Anatolian Deity, honored in Thracian environment in Hellenic poleis on the Thracian coasts.
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In this article the author asserts upon various forms and manifestations of differentialism and auto centrism that lie upon premises of one’s own superiority over inferiority, and upon the recessiveness and lesser value of ‘the other’. The author notes that auto-centrism of Chinese, Greeks and Muslims had a form of cultural differentialism and particularity, whereas Euro-centrism represents a form of racist ideology based on premises of natural, inborn, essential, God-given superiority derived from ideology of “blood and soil” and belief that they are chosen to cultivate, civilise, enlighten, humanise, democratise, improve in other words subjugate ‘the other’. Unlike Amin, who claims that Eurocentric ideology of differentialism is related to capitalism and economic superiority of the West, the author here finds that the root of this ideology lays in particular interpretations of religion, tribal heritage and specific historical development and social relations in this region.
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This paper looks into the particular leisure time activities and popular sports of pleasure in secular life of rural Pakistani Punjab which is the main reason for the production of popular posters. The methodological foundation for this research study is based on ethnographic surveys. This research study takes an interdisciplinary approach with close observation of public spheres where visual data was found. The popular posters discussed in this study provide a delightful sight for the viewer with a basic sense of the narrative through frozen images whose form is derived from different sources of popular, traditional and modern art cultures. Though naïve, such posters are actually a complex maze of cultural, aesthetic and social values that have shaped the way the poster functions as an object of art, as an icon and a commodity. This study argues that on one hand, the popular posters and advertisements are not only the frozen images of our lived culture but they also evoke a sense of nostalgia and on the other hand they develop an understanding of how economic, political and ideological systems utilizing a similar field of cultural production ultimately create a rich heritage of “cultural capital”.
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Sada, aprila 2020. godine (dok traje planetarni napad virusa korona), sjedim na Grbavici u Sarajevu, na istoj lokaciji kao i onda – 1992. (kad je počela opsada grada). Pošto sam preživjela četverogodišnju opsadu, moji prijatelji misle da sam veteran i da sada, u vrijeme napada virusa korona, imam rješenja za preživljavanje, zato što smo od 1992. do 1996. osmišljavali rješenja za dugotrajne permanentne opasnosti (snajpere, granate, a bez struje, vode, grijanja, telefona, pošte, hrane, škola, odjeće, obuće, institucija, kretanje kao životna lutrija: ogromna mogućnost da te pogodi snajper ili granata). Moji prijatelji misle da za savladavanje straha imam metodu koja može pomoći da i sada živimo usvajajući pravila nove normalnosti. [...]
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This report presents the basic assumptions of a research project aimed at digitising the corpus of statistical and demographic sources essential for research on the history of the Kingdom of Poland, and using these materials to create an interactive atlas of the Kingdom of Poland. Primary sources will include official publications of the Russian authorities published annually in individual governorates, supplemented by the non-institutional sources available. The final outcome of the project will be a digital research platform combining elements of a source publication with advanced analytical and research tools (research database) and a user-friendly, intuitive graphical interface enabling visualization of the distribution and the scale of socio-economic processes in time and space (an interactive atlas).
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After the year 1990 in the Polish Armed Forces started the process of inheritance of the military traditions encompassing thousand years old history of the Polish Army. It was a grassroots process with great commitment from the military professionals in the army units, supported by the action of the specialized institutions of the Ministry of National Defence aimed at persuading this idea to the veteran associations or family members of the commanders, who were to become patrons of particular army formations. Efforts were made to assign the heritage to the formation of the same number and service profile. From 1946 in the Army didn’t exist the cavalry units, therefore the Department of Defence took actions so as to particular motorized regiments, later brigades and divisional reconnaissance battalions, assumed the traditions of this branch of service, so merited in the history of the Polish military. On the map of Western Pomerania particular position occupied at that time the garrison in Stargard Szczeciński, where were stationed units belonging to two different mechanized divisions. The article describes the process of tradition inheritance by the 6th Armoured Cavalry Brigade of the 12th Mechanized Division and the 2nd Reconnaissance Battalion of the 2nd Mechanized Division, with addition of the phaleristic analysis
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This article aims to explain how the textbooks for the subject History and Civilizations in the 5th grade influence the formation of the initial economic literacy of the school students. By studying prehistory and the ancient world they learn about the economic life in the past and acquire some important economic concepts. This article examines, analyzes and compares the textbooks with regard to the above purpose. Good examples in the relevant textbooks are shown, which to the biggest extent contribute to the formation of the school students' initial economic literacy. It is an important part of the formation of their civic culture. The topic about young people's knowledge of economic development and their economic culture is important for their successful future participation in the economic life of the present-day Bulgarian society.
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Heavy metal music is often perceived as crude and simplistic by people who are not acquainted with its complexity. In this article, I would like to explore and analyze the (meta-)genre of heavy metal music and its elaborate internal subdivision. Firstly, it is crucial to define metal music and distinguish it from other styles within the larger family of rock music. This section will be followed by a brief presentation of the history of heavy metal and the dominant dichotomy of chaotic and Dionysian themes present in the lyrics of metal songs. Ultimately, I intend to unravel the complex web of metal genres by describing the most crucial ones, demonstrating the “kinship” between particular styles, and providing examples of the representatives of each discussed subgenre.
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The Greek puppet theater had just taken its first professional steps in the Greek capital in the 1880s when a famous Italian marionette troupe visited Athens and undertook to introduce the urban audience to the unknown art of the marionette · to the traditional repertoire and, more importantly, to the glitzy luxury of the latest choreography and the phantasmagoria of the technological developments on the European stage. This article aims to give a clear picture of the first marionette troupe’s visit to the Athenian terrain and focuses on how the reception of the new entertainment interacted with and impacted the already existing domestic experience.
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Even though they occurred around the same time, the Polish January Uprising of 1863/64 and the American Civil War (1861–5) have seldom been considered in the same context by historians, while comparative historical studies of the events are scarce. The present article explores the historiography relating to both countries to, firstly, outline the most interesting attempts in existing Polish and US- American research to find shared aspects in the two events. Secondly, my study establishes and analyses phenomena and themes in these parallel histories that could prove most fruitful for comparative investigation. In conclusion, I assess the potential that comparative approaches could generate for the historiography of the American Civil War and the January Uprising.
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This article offers an account of a dispute between Polish and German historians (and to a lesser extent among Polish historians themselves) over the process of establishing the Teutonic Order State in Prussia at the turn of 1220s–1230s. The dispute broke out in the nineteenth and continued into the first half of the twentieth century.
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Thousands of Latin American women disappear on daily basis. The United Nations through the Women Unit classifies Mexico as an emergency State, and Brazil as an alarming country in terms of violence and murder against women and little girls. However, the key question is to analyse the tolerance toward violence and subjugation of women in Mexico and Brazil. The hypothesis of this work is based on the idea that violence against women in Mexico and Brazil is due to prevalent machismo in those countries, which is influenced by the political, social, economic and cultural structure. The present text aims to understand how machismo is embodied into Mexican and Brazilian culture, reflected into family and social structures and values, as well as inside the political establishment, which contributes not only to subjugating women, but also to increasing gender violence in these countries, where corruption and impunity are also critical. The text is based on an interdisciplinary perspective, with ethnographic data extracted by direct interviews conducted in the communities of Xochimilco, South of Mexico City, Mexico. The article exposes the main perspectives about machismo, offers a cultural description of family values and social tolerance towards machismo, provides a general picture about the levels of gender violence in Mexico and Brazil, and presents the role of political establishment in the development of machismo, and finally it offers some conclusive comments.
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Senj’s heritage in general is historically and artistically extremely poorly researched and interpreted in the wider context of the heritage of the Eastern Adriatic coast. This is especially true of the monuments of the Middle Ages, hidden under completely different later architectural layers in the Early Modern Age of the militarised town. The examples analysed here are hypothetically interpreted in a new way, with suggestions for the dating and stylistic connections from the region of Kvarner, as well as from the wider Adriatic area. Along with the emphasis on the historical circumstances and the analysis of graphic and written sources, a proposal is presented for the dating and stylistic connection of the destroyed mediaeval tower (in the old Croatian Chakavian dialect - turan) in front of the façade of Senj’s cathedral. The possible closest twin and model to the Senj tower is probably located in Krk - insufficient data about the appearance of the Senj tower requires some speculation. All the circumstances that support such an interpretation, in the stylistic and chronological connection of the former Romanesque bell tower of the Krk cathedral from the end of the 12th century and the bell tower in front of Senj’s cathedral are explained exhaustively. It is assumed that, like the Krk bell tower, this one in Senj also had a communal status, so this may have been the reason for the construction of one more bell tower behind the rear of the cathedral, connected to the whole of the bishop of Senj’s historical residence. After this, two chronologically and epigraphically-palaeographically close inscriptions are compared with two churches from the first half of the 14th century, one which according to A. Glavičić was located on the site of the sacristy of Senj’s cathedral and the other which was located on the site of the sacristy of the Krk cathedral. The epigraphically palaeographically very close inscriptions, Senj’s "Imie od Raduča" and Krk’s which mentions the donors "Leonard" and "Bogdan", as well as the master craftsman "Mikel", are dated just four years apart. Finally, there is a comparative discussion about the process of urbanisation, architecture and the possible original name of Senj’s Mala Placa, the probable centre of the secular communal life of Senj in the late Middle Ages and the second focal point of the then already bicentrically organised town. Also discussed are the implications arising from the existence of such an urban focal point located next to the quay and completely separated from the most important public space in front of the cathedral. A proposal is presented for the dating of the town Loggia (the socalled "Kampuzija") to the 14th century. The term is interpreted as the name of the Loggia (Loža), but also as the name of the whole area regulated early as a square, in the sense of "campo" - like Krk’s Kamplin. The explicit Venetian method of the shaping of the brick-built Loggia, fitted with characteristic ground floor columns and Gothic monophores on the first floor part of the façade, stands out. One’s attention is drawn to its basement storage area which may have been a storeroom for salt. In this way, an early Venetian contribution (14th century) to the urbanisation of this part of the town located in the immediate vicinity of the quay stands out. For the Daničić house fitted with a luxurious late Gothic triforium, it is assumed that in the late Middle Ages it could have been a town hall and that it could, in fact, have been the town hall whose beauty was praised by J. W.Valvasor. A hypothesis is made about its original dimensions. With a little research luck, this could be confirmed by the conservation-restoration research of the inner face of the house’s masonry, especially the floors at the level of the skilfully carved Late Gothic triforium. The triforium is attributed to the work of Andrija Aleši from the 1550s.
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This article is taking account of the different historiographical clusters or frameworks in which the 1821 Greek Revolution has (or not) found its place. The clusters identified reflect the ways in which Greek history and by extension the Greek Revolution, itself a function of the overall reception of Greek history, are globalized. They show their prevalence in some rubrics and relative absence in others, depending on the epoch. Among the rubrics, foremost is the question whether, when and by whom the events of 1821 were represented as a revolution and why some historiographical traditions withhold this characterization. Other clusters, analyzed comparatively and in the context of modernity, are nationalism studies, international relations, especially the Eastern Question, the issue of violence, as well as women studies. Finally, addressed is the issue why the Greek Revolution, without doubt global in its imagination, connections and ramifications, is sorely missing from the big narratives of world history.
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