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The material is part of the Ottoman customs register of Dupnitsa for financial year 1846–1847. The Register describes the goods that passed through the state land control – their type, quantity, value, the size of gyumruk (customs duty) and the market fee (bach). The names of the traders, the villages they came from and traveled to are also entered in the register. Dupnitsa is one of the few land customs stations in the Bulgarian lands in the nineteenth century, situated on strategically important country roads from Thessaloniki to Sofia and Europe and from the Adriatic Sea to Plovdiv, Odrin and Tsarigrad. The author presents a translation and commentary of the first 5 of the 20 pages of the register preserved in the Ottoman Department of the National Library St. Cyril and Methodius, Sofia. So far this is the only document of land customs checkpoints in the Bulgarian lands in the nineteenth century, which makes it a source of great cognitive significance, not only for goods flow and turnover at Dupnitsa, but also for documenting the Ottoman regulation policy of the urban economy in the Bulgarian lands at that time.
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In the article based on the materials of federal (SARF) and regional (Zabaikalskyi district, Irkutskregion, the Republic of Buryatia) archives complicated and contradictory experience of conservation and useof religious heritage in the first decades of the Soviet power is analyzed. The author taking into account currentlegislation considers specific examples of peculiarities of accounting, nationalization and preservationof the Church property in the context of the anti-religious policy of the state. The process of museumificationof the Orthodox Churches in Irkutsk, Verhneudinsk and Chita as one of the ways of the use of objects of culturalheritages is shown.
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The review looks at the Bulgarian translation of an important book on the history of the town of Plovdiv in the 19th century – “The Revival Plovdiv: Transformation, Ideology, Nationalism” by Andreas Lyberatos (Greek edition appeared in 2009: “Economy, Politics and National Ideology: The Formation of the National Parties in Plovdiv in the 19th century”, University of Crete Press). Analyzing the deep economic, demographic and social transformations the city and the surrounding province underwent during the Tanzimat period, the author managed to successfully go beyond the limitations of the Bulgarian and Greek historical narratives and to show how the association with one or other national party within the unstable political, and social climate was not predetermined by belonging to one or another culture, but rather the opposite: a choice that went hesitantly and slowly and was associated with social and economic ties, with declines in political influence and positions won by each party, with danger and predictions of who would prevail in the conflict.
More...Analiza kronik cypryjskich i innych w szerszym kontekście
In the article “Settlement on Lusignan Cyprus after the Latin Conquest: The Accounts of Cypriot and other Chronicles and the Wider Context” the narratives of various chronicles of the thirteenth to the sixteenth centuries on settlement in Cyprus in the years following the Latin conquest, from the end of the twelfth to the early thirteenth century, will be examined and compared. The details provided by the chronicles, where the information given derived from, the biases present in the various accounts, the extent to which they are accurate, especially in cases where they are corroborated or refuted by documentary evidence, will all be discussed. The chronicles that will be referred to are the thirteenth century continuation of William of Tyre, that provides the fullest account of the settlement of Latin Christians and others on Cyprus after the Latin conquest, the fifteenth century chronicle of Leontios Makhairas, the anonymous chronicle of ‘Amadi’ that is probably dateable to the early sixteenth century although for the section on thirteenth century Cypriot history it draws on earlier sources and the later sixteenth century chronicle of Florio Bustron. Furthermore, the Chorogra a and the Description of Stephen de Lusignan, two chronicles postdating the conquest of Cyprus by the Ottoman Turks in 1570, will also be referred to on the subject of settlement in thirteenth century Cyprus. By way of comparison, the final part of the paper examined the extent to which the evidence of settlement in other Mediterranean lands derives chiefly from chronicles or from documentary sources. In conclusion, it can be stated that the various accounts of settlement on Cyprus following its cession to King Guy of Jerusalem in 1192 show differences in terms of the value of the fiefs, the geographical regions from which the settlers came and the types of properties which were granted to them. The Latin kingdom of Jerusalem resembles Cyprus in that the source material for early Latin settlement is narrative, not documentary. But this is not the case for the Venetian Crete and the Hospitaller Rhodes, where the source materials recording the arrival of the first Latin settlers are wholly documentary.
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Review of: LUCIE STORCHOVÁ (ed.), Koncepty a dějiny. Proměny pojmů v současné historické vědě, Dolní Břežany 2014, Scriptorium, 452 s., ISBN 978-80-87271-87-2.
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This contribution is based on a comparative analysis of images of important turning points (symbolic centres) of Czech and Sudeten German history created in 1938–1945 by Czech and Sudeten German historiographies. Its aim is to describe the main strategies these historiographers used to refute or at least compensate the image or interpretation of a historical phenomenon as described by the ‘rival’ historiography. Based on a generalisation, this contribution off ers a classifi cation of typical strategies which were used to this purpose. It turns out that on this general level, and although the nationally conditioned content was diff erent, strategies used by the Czech and Sudeten German historiographies were identical. Th e analysis and generalisation are introduced by a theoretical introduction which off ers arguments for the still sadly neglected use of comparative and relational-historical approach to the history of Czech historiography.
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Arab communist parties have been maintaining strong contacts with their European counterparts since the beginning of the 20th century. What they sought was not only advice but also real political support. Th is study analyses mutual communication between Arab and French communists using the archive documents of the Communist Party of France from the 1950s until late the 1960s. Attempts to outline the origins of Arab communist parties are limited by lack of relevant academic studies. Th is contribution is based mainly on archive materials of the Communist Party of France. Correspondence, newspaper articles, and reports describing mutual visits and encounters at regular meetings of the communist parties form the main basis on which one can outline the limits of cultural transfer of communist ideology in the Arab world. Repeated emphasis on national values and the use of religious symbolism by Arab communists reveals some particular values shared across the Middle Eastern political spectrum. Certain specifi c features of leftist Arab movements can be seen as manifestations of post-colonial values of modern Arab societies, persisting despite the strong infl uence of European communism.
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Review of: JIŘÍ PEŠEK, Setkáni s Klio. Studie z dějin dějepisectví, Praha 2014, Academia, 884 s., ISBN 978-80-200-2397-1.
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During the first half of the nineteenth century, Cracow found itself under Russian military occupation three times: in 1809, when the city belonged to Austria, between 1813–1815, when it belonged to the Duchy of Warsaw, and in 1831, when it was the capital of the Free City of Cracow. Each period of Russian occupation had different aims and character. In 1809, the main (unrealised) goal was to prevent the Duchy of Warsaw from capturing the then Austrian city. The Russian offensive against the states of Napoleonic Europe, launched after Bonaparte’s defeat near Moscow in 1812, resulted in the second occupation between 1813–1815. In 1831, the city was occupied for a third time as punishment for the city’s strong support of the November Uprising. Each period of occupation resulted in economic perturbations and an increase in crime. For the occupying forces, the greatest threat turned out to be the mass morbidity of soldiers caused by venereal diseases attested to 1813–1815. The political importance of the three Russian occupations of Cracow was relatively minor. The cost of housing and maintaining the soldiers was considerable but did not deplete the city’s finances. The behaviour of the occupying forces, reprehensible in many cases, did not differ from the standards that prevailed during the first half of the nineteenth century.
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Flavius Josephus’s Bellum Judaicum account of the conquest of Jerusalem by Romans and the famine in 70 CE depicts a scene in which the Jewish matron Mary devours her own child. The story, in which this “terrible meal” plays an important symbolic role, also entered the vernacular texts of the Czech Middle Ages through Latin literature. In the eyes of Christian exegetes, who drew detailed information about Titus’s invasion and massacre of the Jews from Flavius Josephus, the sacking of Jerusalem was a punishment for Jewish unwillingness to accept Christ. By analysing Old Czech hagiographic and homiletic texts, I will show how the “fall of Jerusalem” formed the theological concept of the condemnation of the Jews and anti-Jewish rhetoric.
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În acest articol, sunt publicate 11 piese militare de bronz descoperite de D. Tudor și G. Bichir în săpăturile dintre anii 1962-1992. Dintre acestea, trei sunt arme: o apărătoare de ochi pentru cal (nr. 9) și doi arici (nr. 10-11). Alte șapte piese reprezintă accesorii de echipament personal: un pandantiv de ‘șorț’ (nr. 1), două plăci înguste de centiron (nr. 2-3), patru aplice de centiron de diferite forme (nr. 4-7). În sfârșit un alt pandantiv (nr. 8) este probabil un accesoriu de harnașament. Piesele nr. 1 și 4 datează din timpul domniei lui Traian, nr. 2-3 în a doua jumătate a secolului II p.Chr., iar celelalte între c. 150/175-260 p.Chr., ceea ce înseamnă că la Stolniceni a existat o prezență militară pe întrega perioadă a stăpânirii romane în Dacia. Cele trei arme, pandantivul de șorț și aplica de centiron nr. 7 aparțin unor variante utilizate în întregul Imperiu roman, iar accesoriile de echipament personal și harnașament sunt întâlnite aproape exclusiv în zona frontierei dunărene. Deci, în timp ce armamentul rămâne unitar la scara întregului Imperiu, începând cu a doua jumătate a secolului II p.Chr., o parte din echipamentul personal al soldaților din provinciile danubiene capătă trăsături distincte față de cel al soldaților din restul Imperiului.
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Cercetările arheologice din ultima vreme au permis descoperirea unor reprezentări antropomorfe în nivelurile paleolitice. Excelează în acest sens valea Bistriței moldovene, în special cu siturile cunoscute sub numele de Poiana Cireșului și Piatra Neamț 1. Aici, identificarea unor reprezentări antropomorfe s-a făcut exclusiv prin cercetările recente. La Poiana Cireșului săpăturile arheologice se desfășoară aproape continuu din 1998. Situl Piatra Neamț 1 a fost descoperit în anul 2019. Dacă la Poiana Cireșului s-au descoperit reprezentări antropomorfe stilizate, de la Piatra Neamț 1 s-a recuperat singura statuetă feminină de tip Venus din România. Pe valea Dunării, în adăpostul sub stâncă Cuina Turcului, cercetările s-au desfășurat cu mai mulți ani în urmă, iar un os gravat descoperit aici a fost reinterpretat ca reprezentare antropomorfă.
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Așezarea de la Scânteia este printre cele mai bogate situri arheologice din punctul de vedere al descoperirilor. Estimată inițial la 8 hectare, conform celor mai recente cercetări geomagnetice desfășurate pe suprafața sitului se poate estima faptul că suprafața așezării este de 11,5 hectare. Suprafața cercetată intruziv acoperă 0,36 hectare. Așezarea a avut două niveluri de locuire. În partea sudică a sitului au fost identificate o serie de structuri aparținând secolului IV p. Chr. Aproximativ 20% din sit a fost distrus prin construirea lacului artificial și există câteva urme de la tranșee din perioada celui de-Al Doilea Război Mondial. Cu aceste mici excepții, așezarea cucuteniană este păstrată în condiții foarte bune. Din punct de vedere cantitativ, numărul vaselor descoperite în interiorul clădirii L. 14 este mai mic decât numărul recipientelor din clădiri similare, aspect care poate conduce spre concluzia că această locuință ar fi fost abandonată anterior incendiului sau golită de o parte din inventar. Materialele din campania anului 2016 provin din zona etajului și dintre dărâmături, iar cele cercetate în anul 2017 provin preponderent din zona parterului. În articolul de față ne dorim prezentarea rezultatelor prelucrărilor statistice a materialului arheologic cercetat de pe suprafața unui singur complex, respectiv clădirea L. 14, interpretată ca fiind sanctuar, pe baza mai multor elemente fixe descoperite în interiorul acesteia. Concluzia culturală pe care o permite în momentul acesta prelucrarea statistică a materialelor ceramice este legată de perioada de funcționare. Acumularea de material aflată în imediata vecinătate a L. 14, precum și cantitatea mare de material arheologic din interiorul camerelor, modul lor de dispunere, toate aceste aspecte ne arată o perioadă îndelungată de funcționare a clădirii.
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Articolul tratează analiza urmelor de uzură a 13 artefacte din piatră descoperite în situl eneolitic de la Răucești (județul Neamț). Situl este situat în nord-estul României, la contactul dintre Subcarpații Moldovei și Podișul Sucevei. Săpăturile arheologice efectuate în perioada 2015-2018 au scos la iveală vestigii eneolitice aparținând fazelor Cucuteni A3 și Cucuteni B1. Artefactele au fost investigate microscopic, prin abordarea „high power”, care a indicat că acestea au fost folosite, în majoritate, într-un mod destul de intens. Respectivele piese litice au fost implicate în mai multe activități economice, precum curățarea pieilor, recoltarea cerealelor, tranșarea cărnii, prelucrarea fibrelor, prelucrarea lemnului și a oaselor. De asemenea, au fost obținute o serie de date despre modul în care au fost manipulate respectivele obiecte: unele dintre unelte erau fixate în mânere de lemn, os/corn, altele au fost înfășurate într un înveliș realizat din fibre vegetale, în timp ce câteva piese erau folosite cu mâna goală. Lotul de artefacte din situl de la Răucești este printre puținele care a beneficiat de analize ale urmelor de uzură, prin raportare la ansamblul litic specific mediului cucutenian din zonele răsăritene ale României.
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The article examines the relationship between intellectuals and Power, as wellas public attitudes towards contemporary issues through the prism of the personalityof historian Şerban Papacostea. The historian's personality and public attitudes areanalyzed both during the communist regime and after, with the main idea being thecontinuity of moral and professional attitudes in both political contexts. The refusal tocompromise with the communist regime, at the cost of marginalizing the historian inNicolae Ceauşescu’s academic system in Romania, added a moral component toŞerban Papacostea's scientific work that is as significant as the intellectual component.Therefore, there are no significant differences between Şerban Papacostea’'s publicattitudes and scientific concepts during communism and those practiced after its fall.Such an individual trajectory highlights the inconsistency of the thesis of "thenecessity of compromise" as a survival strategy during Ceauşescu's totalitarianism.The article also refers to the historian's vision of the role of historians indemocratic societies. Şerban Papacostea was a tireless advocate of the historian'sduty to understand and explain contemporary phenomena. Such an approach impliesthe existence of the historian's public attitudes towards what concerns society, whichputs the historian, if not necessarily in conflict with Power, at least in contact with it.
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This article analyzes the references to Antiquity in “The Petition of the Senators to Tsar Peter I for the Adoption of the Title of Peter the Great, the Father of His Homeland and the Emperor of All Russians” (on October 21/22, 1721) and in “The Speech Written and Delivered by Peter I at the Old Trinity Cathedral of St. Petersburg after He Had Read Out the Peace Treaty with Sweden” (on October 22, 1721), when he adopted the above titles). The Latin spellings of these titles in the texts of the 1720s were examined (based on the published version of A.F. Sigismundi’s speech on signing the Treaty of Nystad). The retrospective look of the contemporaries of the studied events at the history of Antiquity was discussed: particular attention was paid to the historical ideas about the ancient Roman state ex-pressed by P.N. Kriokshin, an associate of Peter I, along with his views on the Slavic–Russian history. The commitment to the values of ancient societies (heroic service to the Homeland, patriotism, valor, and courage) along with the political focus on the image of the Roman state strengthened the socio-ideological background of the Russian statehood. In was concluded that the great figures who shaped the Russian empire in the 18th century were concerned, consciously and purposefully, with providing additional stability to the whole system and thus relied on the past experience of Antiquity.
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On the basis of a recently established personal archival fund in the State Archives in Burgas, biographical information is given about the chief commander of the Internal Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Organization (IMARO) Atanas Nivichki /The Beard/. The information was probably compiled in the 1970s by the Beard’s son Dimităr Nivichanov. They reveal the role of his father in the development of the revolutionary movement in the Strumica area.
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