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"kozi róg" albo "dzień ubłagania po wszystkiej ziemi waszej"
The habit of celebrating jubilees highlights not only the importance of the specific enterprise, but also its holiness, and dates back to the biblical tradition. We owe our current use of the word "jubilee," in Hebrew "goat's horn" ( ל וֵֹ בי , yôbel, in Polish: "kozi róg"), to the first translation of the Bible into Latin, so-called Vulgata, where we can find the general rules for the "jubilee year." In 2014 the Jagiellonian University celebrated its thirteenth "Pentecost," meaning "holy year," since the initiative of King Casimir the Great to establish a university in Krakow as a new foothold of Western thought in Eastern Europe. The course of history was hereby significantly changed in this part of the world. The University played a substantial role in the history of Poland, especially following the loss of independence in the 18th Century. The Jagiellonian University was an important part of the events of 1864 and 1900, bursts of both university and national self-expression in the face of Austro-Hungarian domination. The celebrations of the renewed Krakow Academy in 1900 became a pretext to demonstrate wider national unity across the partitions. In this way the Polish notion of "kozi róg" developed its metaphorical sense. Today the history of the Jagiellonian University can be understood as a model of institutional continuity for modern Poland, liberated from the yoke of "national" and "real" socialisms in 1989, in the middle of the road to the first jubilee of a once again free and democratic state.
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Had I not been a migrant myself, I probably would not be alive today. That is why I will always sympathise with migrants and refugees and that is why I understand that integration is not just dependent on the migrants’ efforts and readiness to adapt to a new culture. The prerequisite for successful integration lies in the goodwill and openness of the accepting societies and nations.
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Coexistence teaches us about our own insufficiency in establishing a community. Isn’t it clear that during our encounters with strangers there is a need to lean towards the unknown and a different youth? This is something that we can either be spontaneously open to or rapidly turn our eyes away from. Regardless of which one of those two reactions we have, we are affirming our own emotional engagement.
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Today, the EU faces three major challenges emanating from what former NATO Secretary General Anders Fogh Rasmussen called the arc of instability: Ukraine, the Middle East and North Africa and the Sahel. All these crises have led to massive population movements which are reflected in European migration statistics. In this situation the need for unified European action and solidarity is obvious. Hence, further bad blood between the eastern and western EU states needs to be avoided if a meaningful solution is to be found.
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As a result of the occupation of Crimea and the war in Donbas, one of the greatest internal relocations in contemporary European history is taking place on the territory of Ukraine. Yet the European Union, preoccupied with its internal problems and the influx of migrants from the Middle East, has so far ignored this fact.
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Human trafficking is a significant problem in Belarus. Despite some progress, the country has recently been downgraded in a US State Department report. Until adequate measures are taken, this negative trend is likely to continue.
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This paper intends to reflect on how to possibly qualify the phenomenon of sex sponsorship. It includes a tentative critical review of the phenomenon against the etymology of the very term “sponsorship”, and a comparison of sex sponsorship with the traditional form of prostitution, considering their respective similarities and differences.
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