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Извештај за распространетост и трендови на скриената економија во Македонија

Author(s): Ana Mickovska-Raleva,Emil Shurkov / Language(s): Macedonian

Blamed for many of the country’s problems, but at the same time under-researched and ineptly understood, the hidden economy phenomenon has, for many years, been insufficiently tackled by Macedonian academic and political elites. During the past few years, a renewed interest in the topic has led towards its more systematic treatment by institutions, but still largely based on approximations, lack of coordination between institutions and under-evaluation of policy measures. This treatment of the problem opens the floor to many speculations regarding the effectiveness of policies and their actual impact on reducing the size of hidden economy. The analysis, prepared by the Center for the Study of Democracy and the Center for Research and Policy Making (CRPM), involves a review of existing reports and data on the hidden economy in Macedonia as well as the available international sources. It reviews the current policy initiatives and whether these have been evaluated, as well as any planned future initiatives. The document aims to address some of the key issues through representing cross-section of existing data on the hidden economy in Macedonia and relevant policies, with the intention to review and summarize the knowledge-base on the issue and provide recommendations for better tackling the problem.

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Raport i hollësishëm mbi përhapjen dhe tendencat e ekonomisë së fshehur në Maqedoni

Author(s): Ana Mickovska-Raleva,Emil Shurkov / Language(s): Albanian

Blamed for many of the country’s problems, but at the same time under-researched and ineptly understood, the hidden economy phenomenon has, for many years, been insufficiently tackled by Macedonian academic and political elites. During the past few years, a renewed interest in the topic has led towards its more systematic treatment by institutions, but still largely based on approximations, lack of coordination between institutions and under-evaluation of policy measures. This treatment of the problem opens the floor to many speculations regarding the effectiveness of policies and their actual impact on reducing the size of hidden economy. The analysis, prepared by the Center for the Study of Democracy and the Center for Research and Policy Making (CRPM), involves a review of existing reports and data on the hidden economy in Macedonia as well as the available international sources. It reviews the current policy initiatives and whether these have been evaluated, as well as any planned future initiatives. The document aims to address some of the key issues through representing cross-section of existing data on the hidden economy in Macedonia and relevant policies, with the intention to review and summarize the knowledge-base on the issue and provide recommendations for better tackling the problem.

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Hidden Economy in Macedonia Policy Brief 2: Hit and Miss - The Dynamics of Undeclared Labor in Macedonia

Author(s): Author Not Specified,Center for Research and Policy Making CRPM / Language(s): English

The Center for the Study of Democracy, in collaboration with the Center for Research and Policy Making (CRPM) elaborated a series of policy briefs analyzing the hidden economy in Macedonia. The topics encompass the issues of countering undeclared labour, tax evasion and fraud, media reporting on hidden economy and corruption, etc. The current policy brief underlines that undeclared work, being one of the main manifestations of hidden economy, becomes the bull’s-eye for many countries focusing on reshaping their social and economic policies in order to tackle this issue, especially since the onset of the economic crisis that hit Europe and the World in 2008. The most recent economic indicators coming from Europe show that this crisis has not concluded and European economies are yet to deal with its mid and long-term consequences. Macedonia and other Western Balkan countries are not exempt from this process, with job creation and policies targeting unemployment (28.2% as of Q2 2014) being a major concern and a focal point of political activity. Low growth prospects in the EU and sluggish economic conditions forecasted in 2014 are also limiting Macedonia’s growth prospects, which at this point are still positive at around 4% GDP growth annually (4.3% as of Q2 2014). The authors highlight several key points: According to results from the population survey, the proportion of employees with a primary employment receiving ‘envelope’ payments or temporary service contracts in addition to their salary is about one-third of the employed population; Almost 7% of employees work without a contract and are not being paid social security contributions. Combined with the abovementioned fact, this indicates the salary of about 40% of employees with a primary employment is partially or completely undeclared; More than half of employers confirm that signing contracts with ‘hidden clauses’ happens in their sector; Macedonia’s main focus in tackling undeclared work, just as most Eastern European Countries, is on Labor Law violations). Repressive measures and others aimed at improving detection are the dominant policy approach.

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Погодоци и промашувања – динамика на непријавената работа во Македонија

Author(s): Author Not Specified,Center for Research and Policy Making CRPM / Language(s): Macedonian

The Center for the Study of Democracy, in collaboration with the Center for Research and Policy Making (CRPM) elaborated a series of policy briefs analyzing the hidden economy in Macedonia. The topics encompass the issues of countering undeclared labour, tax evasion and fraud, media reporting on hidden economy and corruption, etc. The current policy brief underlines that undeclared work, being one of the main manifestations of hidden economy, becomes the bull’s-eye for many countries focusing on reshaping their social and economic policies in order to tackle this issue, especially since the onset of the economic crisis that hit Europe and the World in 2008. The most recent economic indicators coming from Europe show that this crisis has not concluded and European economies are yet to deal with its mid and long-term consequences. Macedonia and other Western Balkan countries are not exempt from this process, with job creation and policies targeting unemployment (28.2% as of Q2 2014) being a major concern and a focal point of political activity. Low growth prospects in the EU and sluggish economic conditions forecasted in 2014 are also limiting Macedonia’s growth prospects, which at this point are still positive at around 4% GDP growth annually (4.3% as of Q2 2014). The authors highlight several key points: According to results from the population survey, the proportion of employees with a primary employment receiving ‘envelope’ payments or temporary service contracts in addition to their salary is about one-third of the employed population; Almost 7% of employees work without a contract and are not being paid social security contributions. Combined with the abovementioned fact, this indicates the salary of about 40% of employees with a primary employment is partially or completely undeclared; More than half of employers confirm that signing contracts with ‘hidden clauses’ happens in their sector; Macedonia’s main focus in tackling undeclared work, just as most Eastern European Countries, is on Labor Law violations). Repressive measures and others aimed at improving detection are the dominant policy approach.

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Hidden Economy in Macedonia Policy Brief 1: The Economics of Blurs and Shadows – The Hidden Economy in Macedonia

Author(s): Author Not Specified,Center for Research and Policy Making CRPM / Language(s): English

he Center for the Study of Democracy, in collaboration with the Center for Research and Policy Making (CRPM) elaborated a series of policy briefs analyzing the hidden economy in Macedonia. The topics encompass the issues of countering undeclared labour, tax evasion and fraud, media reporting on hidden economy and corruption, etc. The current policy brief underlines that undeclared work, being one of the main manifestations of hidden economy, becomes the bull’s-eye for many countries focusing on reshaping their social and economic policies in order to tackle this issue, especially since the onset of the economic crisis that hit Europe and the World in 2008. The most recent economic indicators coming from Europe show that this crisis has not concluded and European economies are yet to deal with its mid and long-term consequences. Macedonia and other Western Balkan countries are not exempt from this process, with job creation and policies targeting unemployment (28.2% as of Q2 2014) being a major concern and a focal point of political activity. Low growth prospects in the EU and sluggish economic conditions forecasted in 2014 are also limiting Macedonia’s growth prospects, which at this point are still positive at around 4% GDP growth annually (4.3% as of Q2 2014). The authors highlight several key points: According to results from the population survey, the proportion of employees with a primary employment receiving ‘envelope’ payments or temporary service contracts in addition to their salary is about one-third of the employed population; Almost 7% of employees work without a contract and are not being paid social security contributions. Combined with the abovementioned fact, this indicates the salary of about 40% of employees with a primary employment is partially or completely undeclared; More than half of employers confirm that signing contracts with ‘hidden clauses’ happens in their sector; Macedonia’s main focus in tackling undeclared work, just as most Eastern European Countries, is on Labor Law violations). Repressive measures and others aimed at improving detection are the dominant policy approach.

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Економија на маглини и сенки – скриената економија во Maкедонија

Author(s): Author Not Specified,Center for Research and Policy Making CRPM / Language(s): Macedonian

he Center for the Study of Democracy, in collaboration with the Center for Research and Policy Making (CRPM) elaborated a series of policy briefs analyzing the hidden economy in Macedonia. The topics encompass the issues of countering undeclared labour, tax evasion and fraud, media reporting on hidden economy and corruption, etc. The current policy brief underlines that undeclared work, being one of the main manifestations of hidden economy, becomes the bull’s-eye for many countries focusing on reshaping their social and economic policies in order to tackle this issue, especially since the onset of the economic crisis that hit Europe and the World in 2008. The most recent economic indicators coming from Europe show that this crisis has not concluded and European economies are yet to deal with its mid and long-term consequences. Macedonia and other Western Balkan countries are not exempt from this process, with job creation and policies targeting unemployment (28.2% as of Q2 2014) being a major concern and a focal point of political activity. Low growth prospects in the EU and sluggish economic conditions forecasted in 2014 are also limiting Macedonia’s growth prospects, which at this point are still positive at around 4% GDP growth annually (4.3% as of Q2 2014). The authors highlight several key points: According to results from the population survey, the proportion of employees with a primary employment receiving ‘envelope’ payments or temporary service contracts in addition to their salary is about one-third of the employed population; Almost 7% of employees work without a contract and are not being paid social security contributions. Combined with the abovementioned fact, this indicates the salary of about 40% of employees with a primary employment is partially or completely undeclared; More than half of employers confirm that signing contracts with ‘hidden clauses’ happens in their sector; Macedonia’s main focus in tackling undeclared work, just as most Eastern European Countries, is on Labor Law violations). Repressive measures and others aimed at improving detection are the dominant policy approach.

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GREY Working Paper No. 4: Policy Approaches Towards Undeclared Work, a Conceptual Framework

Author(s): Colin C. Williams / Language(s): English

This working paper is an output of the European Commission’s FP7 "Marie Curie Industry-Academia Partnerships and Pathways" (IAPP) project entitled "GREY - Out of the shadows: developing capacities and capabilities for tackling undeclared work in Bulgaria, Croatia and FYR Macedonia". The aim of the paper is to provide a conceptual framework for understanding the policy approaches for tackling undeclared work. In doing so, the intention is to provide the structure for a future comprehensive review of the policy measures available for tackling undeclared work.

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Плоският данък: Икономически и социални ефекти

Author(s): Konstantin Pashev / Language(s): English

These however do not necessarily call for the flat rate tax of the design experimented in several of the new market economies. The study argues as well that vertical flattening in itself tends to redistribute the tax burden towards the mid-income groups. Furthermore it cautions that the expectations that the flat income tax will limit tax evasion might be overly optimistic. The paper suggests alternative supply side tax incentives.

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American Investment In Bulgaria, December 1994

Author(s): Daniela Bobeva / Language(s): English

From 1990 until the end of September 1994, sixty-nine investments of declared American origin were registered at the Ministry of Finance. Forty-three of them were made in Bulgarian Leva. The total volume of American investment is 18,662,000 USD, or 6.5% of the total foreign investment inflow to Bulgaria (in comparison, Germany invested 177,305,000 USD). The United States place fifth in terms of invested capital in Bulgaria.

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Financing the private firms in Bulgaria

Author(s): Stefan Ivanov / Language(s): English

The strengthening of the market forces in the economy of Bulgaria is related to the stability and development of the private initiative. Given the stagnation in the state-owned and municipal businesses the private sector is the only one, which is dynamic and provides prospects for future development of the national economy. It is much relied on to create a new economic environment, which makes it necessary to provide conditions for boosting its vitality and expansion...

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Survey of the Efficiency of Foreign Consultant Firms, May, 1994

Author(s): Jordan Markov,Daniela Bobeva / Language(s): English

The beginning of the reforms in the economy brought about the establishment of a market for consulting services. Its formation was determined on the one hand by the appearance of demand for consulting services, and on the other - by the wide range of legal and economic analyses, expert evaluations and recommendations offered by the rapidly growing number of private persons and firms engaged in this specific sphere of the economy.

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The Efficiency of Consulting Firms, 1994

Author(s): Jordan Markov,Daniela Bobeva / Language(s): English

The beginning of the reforms in the economy brought about the establishment of a market for consulting services. Its formation was determined on the one hand by the appearance of demand for consulting services, and on the other - by the wide range of legal and economic analyses, expert evaluations and recommendations offered by the rapidly growing number of private persons and firms engaged in this specific sphere of the economy.

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Measurement of aggregate economic activity by means of composite indicators

Author(s): Valentin Tchavdarov,Evelina Radeva / Language(s): English

The Agency for Economic Cooperation & Development /AECD/ experts have begun to asses three barometers of aggregate economic activity since March 1992: economic activity barometer, economic expectation barometer and diffusion index. In that paper we share our experience on the assessment of composite indicators and their utilization in analyzing performance of Bulgarian economy on macro level.

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The CURE Foundation: Newsletter – Second Edition in 2023 (April/May/June 2023)

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): English

Welcome to the new CURE Foundation Newsletter highlighting events and news from our community during the period April - June 2023. Enjoy reading and let's stay in touch!

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Žena sa političkim mandatom - Iskustveni priručnik s prostorom za dopunu

Author(s): Rubina Čengić / Language(s): Bosnian

Ideja za ovu publikaciju, ambiciozno nazvanu Priručnik i to iskustveni, je da ženama koje budu izabrane na izborima 2022. godine, ali i svim narednim, pomogne da ne budu same, da se oslone na iskustva onih koje su ranije bile u njihovim cipelama. Najvažnije što trebate znati je da je osvojeni mandat vaš, bilo da je sa redovne ili sa kompenzacijske liste i ne mogu vam ga oduzeti. Kada ga jednom osvojite, sa svojim mandatom možete preći u drugu stranku ili postati nezavisna vijećnica/ zastupnica. U svakom slučaju – vi ste vlasnica mandata! I važno je da čuvate svoje dostojanstvo.

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Tvoja prava, tvoja odgovornost

Author(s): Slobodanka Dekić,Hana Ćopić / Language(s): Bosnian

Pretpostavljamo, a neki od nas su se i uvjerili, da sva ta ljudska prava i zakoni postoje samo na papiru. Zapravo, kada se nađemo u problemu, ništa od propisanog i potpisanog se ne primjenjuje, ili slučaj traje toliko dugo da i zaboravimo šta se desilo. Ili, nemamo nikakav problem. Niko me ne dira – ne piše mi na čelu da li sam lezbejka, gej ili biseksualna osoba. U vezi sam, vodim ‘’normalan’’ život. Imam posao, krug prijatelja i prijateljica, putujemo, izlazimo. Nema potrebe da cijeli svijet zna s kim spavam, kako se osjećam i koga volim.

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European Youth: Addressing digital challenges

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): English

Following global trends, social media has become an instrumental part of daily life for most Albanians. Even before the COVID-19 pandemic, it was a primary means for social communication and receiving information on current affairs. Moreover, since the outbreak of the pandemic, social media has cemented its position as an irreplaceable aspect of people’s personal and professional lives. While it is wonderful that the internet allows education, business, and daily life to continue, there are some challenges to such dependency on social media. For example, disinformation spreads six times faster through social media channels than actual news, and social media platforms create opportunities for unsupervised communication, which can lead to harassment, abuse, and blackmail.

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Joint Submission of the BiH Civil Society Initiative for UPR for the 4th Universal Periodic Review on the State of Human Rights Situation in Bosnia and Herzegovina

Author(s): Amil Brković,Aida Daguda,Bojana Ilić,Amina Dizdar,Darko Pandurević,Dajana Cvjetković,Dragana Dardić,Delila Hasanbegović Vukas,Filip Novaković,Ena Kljajić Grgić,Katarina Zrinjski,Maida Zagorac,Damir Sadović,Nataša Maros,Mersiha Jaskić,Vesna Iliktarević,Tea Pokrajčić,Željka Umićević / Language(s): English

The BiH Civil Society Initiative for UPR is an informal coalition of fourteen (14) civil society organisations from across Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H) which act in various fields of promotion and protection of human rights.1 In December 2018, Sarajevo Open Centre gathered potential members of the Initiative by targeting expert human rights organizations in different fields. The methodology for the joint submission included choosing the recommendations from the previous 3rd cycle of the Universal Periodic Review (UPR), desk research of the recommendation status, researching the measures and activities necessary for the realization of the recommendation, measure realization status and the activities of the recommendation in B&H, as well as the recommendations for the relevant institutions. Considering that the members of the Initiative have been acting in the field of human rights protection and promotion in B&H for a number of years, apart from desk research, they have also used the information gathered during their work with the target groups. Since its establishment, this is Initiative’s second joint submission. The following Initiative’s members submitted information for the joint submission: Balkan Investigative Reporting Network (BIRN), Civil Society Promotion Center (CPCD), CURE Foundation, Helsinki Citizens` Assembly Banja Luka, My Right – Empowers People with Disabilities, Sarajevo Open Centre (SOC), Transparency International in BiH (TI BiH), TRIAL International. In the period 2019-2024, B&H faced many challenges which had an effect on the protection of human rights of the B&H citizens. Although the NPM is in the process of being established, it is not yet operational. Government levels in B&H still react on ad hoc basis with no systematic approach to gender inequality. The Constitution of B&H remains discriminatory, both in terms of the participation of "others" in legislative and executive power, and in terms of gender equality. Women are consistently underrepresented in executive bodies at the entity, cantonal, and local levels. Many of the goals and activities that were set out in the Action plan to Improve the State of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms of LGBTI People in B&H for the period 2021-2024 are not implemented yet. The relationships between same-sex partners and their partnerships are not regulated in any administrative unit in B&H. The executive and legislative authorities at the B&H level should prioritise the adoption of the new Law on the Protection of Persons who Report Corruption. The resolution of war crimes cases has been extended by two years since the existing deadline stipulated by the Revised Strategy for War Crimes Cases was not met. HRDs face a lack of public support for their work, and violence against them often goes unpunished, sometimes even encouraged. Rare efforts are invested in making online and offline space for civil society safer. Systematic and coordinated actions of all relevant actors' are needed for comprehensive and sustainable improvements of rights of people with disabilities. Within the content of this submission, the referenced number of the recommendation for Bosnia and Herzegovina from the 3rd UPR cycle on which the paragraph is referring to is indicated and bolded at the beginning of each paragraph.

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Zajednički podnesak Inicijative civilnog društva BiH za UPP za 4. Univerzalni periodični pregled stanja ljudskih prava u Bosni i Hercegovini

Author(s): Amina Dizdar,Amil Brković,Aida Daguda,Darko Pandurević,Dajana Cvjetković,Bojana Ilić,Ena Kljajić Grgić,Dragana Dardić,Delila Hasanbegović Vukas,Kenan Sadović,Katarina Zrinjski,Filip Novaković,Nataša Maros,Mersiha Jaskić,Maida Zagorac,Željka Umićević,Vesna Iliktarević,Tea Pokrajčić / Language(s): Bosnian

Inicijativa civilnog društva BiH za UPP je neformalna koalicija četrnaest (14) organizacija civilnog društva iz cijele Bosne i Hercegovine (BiH) koje djeluju u različitim oblastima promocije i zaštite ljudskih prava.1 U decembru 2018. godine, Sarajevski otvoreni centar okupio je potencijalne članove Inicijative ciljajući na organizacije koje se bave ljudskim pravima iz različitih oblasti. Metodologija za zajedničko podnošenje uključivala je odabir preporuka iz prethodnog 3. ciklusa Univerzalnog periodičnog pregleda (UPP), desk istraživanje statusa preporuke, istraživanje mjera i aktivnosti neophodnih za implementaciju preporuke, status implementacije mjere i aktivnosti vezane za preporuke u BiH, kao i preporuke za relevantne institucije. S obzirom da članovi Inicijative već duži niz godina djeluju u oblasti zaštite i promocije ljudskih prava u BiH, osim desk istraživanja, koristili su se i informacijama prikupljenim tokom rada sa ciljnim grupama. Od osnivanja, ovo je drugi zajednički podnesak Inicijative. Sljedeći članovi Inicijative su dostavili informacije za zajednički podnesak: Balkanska istraživačka mreža (BIRN), Centar za promociju civilnog društva (CPCD), Fondacija CURE, Helsinški parlament građana Banja Luka, MyRight - Empowers people with disabilities, Sarajevski otvoreni centar (SOC), Transparency International u BiH (TI BiH), TRIAL International. U periodu 2019-2024 BiH se suočila sa brojnim izazovima koji su uticali na zaštitu ljudskih prava građana BiH. Iako je NPM u procesu uspostavljanja, on još nije operativan. Nivoi vlasti u BiH i dalje reaguju na ad hoc osnovi bez sistemskog pristupa rodnoj neravnopravnosti. Ustav BiH je i dalje diskriminatoran, kako u pogledu učešća "ostalih" u zakonodavnoj i izvršnoj vlasti, tako i u pogledu rodne ravnopravnosti. Žene su konstantno nedovoljno zastupljene u organima izvršne vlasti na entitetskom, kantonalnom i lokalnom nivou. Mnogi ciljevi i aktivnosti zacrtani Akcionim planom za unapređenje stanja ljudskih prava i osnovnih sloboda LGBTI osoba u BiH za period 2021-2024. godine još uvijek nisu realizirani. Odnosi između istospolnih partnera i njihovih partnerskih odnosa nisu uređeni ni u jednoj administrativnoj jedinici u BiH. Izvršna i zakonodavna vlast na nivou BiH trebale bi dati prioritet usvajanju novog Zakona o zaštiti lica koja prijavljuju korupciju. Rješavanje predmeta ratnih zločina produženo je za dvije godine jer nije ispoštovan postojeći rok predviđen Revidiranom strategijom za rješavanje predmeta ratnih zločina. BLJP se suočavaju sa nedostatkom javne podrške za svoj rad, a nasilje nad njima često prolazi nekažnjeno, ponekad čak i podsticano. Rijetki se napori ulažu u to da se online i offline prostor za civilno društvo učini sigurnijim. Za sveobuhvatno i održivo unapređenje prava osoba sa invaliditetom potrebno je sistematsko i koordinisano djelovanje svih relevantnih aktera. U okviru sadržaja ovog podneska, na početku svakog paragrafa označen je i podebljan referentni broj preporuke za Bosnu i Hercegovinu iz 3. UPP ciklusa na koji se paragraf odnosi.

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ЧЕЛОВЕЧЕСКИЙ КАПИТАЛ: ИНТЕГРАЦИЯ БЕЛАРУСИ В МЕЖДУНАРОДНОЕ НАУЧНО-ТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКОЕ ПРОСТРАНСТВО

Author(s): Anna Pobol / Language(s): Belarusian

This study assesses the current degree of integration of Belarus into the world scientific and technological space based on the analysis of aggregated statistical data, primary patent data, review of analytical materials and interviews with experts. The author studied the institutional conditions and forms of international cooperation in the innovation sphere at the level of companies, organizations and the state; an assessment of the intensity of international flows of resources (in the form of patents) and results (technologies, high-tech and knowledge-intensive goods and services) of the innovation process was carried out; Barriers to Belarus' entry into the world scientific and technical space are discussed and suggestions are given to eliminate some of them.

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