Around the Bloc: Polish President Signs Media Makeover Into Law
European Commission ponders disciplinary action; media watchdogs howl over Warsaw’s ‘violation of fundamental EU values.’
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European Commission ponders disciplinary action; media watchdogs howl over Warsaw’s ‘violation of fundamental EU values.’
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The development of the Internet and improvements in information and communication technologies (ICTs) allow consumers to share their opinions and experiences of products and services with other consumers through electronic word-of-mouth (eWOM, word-of-mouse) communication. Tourism is one sector that has a very close relationship with the innovations in information technologies. Today, social media provide many opportunities for travellers to share their holiday experiences with their connected others. People share their opinions with connected others by sending e-mails, posting comments and feedback on websites and forums, publishing online blogs, and forming and joining communities on the Internet. Sharing their experiences with others contributes to the value of the experience and makes it more meaningful and memorable. In this study, following a theoretical discussion based on a review of the relevant literature, the researcher would like to demonstrate the role and importance of sharing the tourist experience with connected others in social media. By conducting structured interviews (online and offline) with people who were chosen based on their holiday experience sharing habits, the contribution and role of storytelling in a tourism consumer’s holiday experience are explored. For new tourists, storytelling plays a serious role in addition to the holiday experience itself, and sharing experiences with connected others is seen as a vital tool for a fulfilling holiday experience. The results will demonstrate the contribution of storytelling to the tourist experience and provide a basis for further research on scale development for assessing the impact of storytelling on the tourist experience.
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Learning has changed in the 21st Century. The learning process is no longer confined to the classroom alone, but extends to a global classroom. Students now use instructional technologies to synthesize newly acquired knowledge, collaborate with peers, solve problems, and formulate correct decisions. Therefore, communication becomes a vital process to ensure that learning takes place. Although it has been shown that effective two-way communication between the instructor and the learner is important to attain sustainability in the learning environment, it is a difficult task to meet. Different learning rates and styles were identified as the core factors that led to this difficulty. Hence, the need arises to meet the demand of the 21st Century Learning via the implementation of an effective learning tool. In response to these changes, this research aims to assess the student’s performance and the association between the learner’s performance and positive communication skills. A total of 18 undergraduate students from an Institutions of Higher Education (IHE) participated in this case study. The results of the study indicated that Morfo can efficiently assess communication skills in an introductory computing course. It is also reported that the respondents were able to engage in higher-order thinking tasks such as analysis, synthesis, and evaluation via Morfo reflecting their individuality and enhancing their communication skills. Besides that, the findings also suggest that there is a significant association between the communication skills and the learner’s individual performance.
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Communication is essential. Having the ability to communicate thoughts, ideas, and feelings is crucial in all environments. The education industry regards communication as a core business to transfer knowledge. This paper focuses on how two different groups of students at Sunway University, Malaysia, perceived Lecturers’ Credibility (LC) in a class that enhances the Students’ Engagement (SE). A group of 50 to 60 students from the Faculty of Arts (FoA) and School of Business (SoB) completed measures of LC and SE using McCroskey and Teven’s (1999) Source Credibility Questionnaire (SCQ) and Students Engagement Survey from Indicators of Positive Development Conference, Child Trends. The variables for LC comprise competence, character and caring (CCC), and the variables for SE consist of cognitive, behaviour and emotion (CBE). The study aims to determine if there are any differences in SE between students from FoA and SoB with their perceived LC. Hopefully, the study sheds some light on the research question: “Are there any differences among Faculty of Arts students and School of Business students in the relationship between lecturers’ credibility and students’ engagement?”
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This article presents lexical borrowings from the Russian language, excerpted from TygodnikIlustrowany, a commonly known Warsaw-based weekly. The research analysis was conductedon the words excerpted from the earliest editions of this weekly published over one year, issuedin the Republic of Poland, beginning with 1918 when the country regained independence. The authorof the study aimed to investigate whether a long-term influence of the Russian language on Polish,particularly in the period of annexations, manifested itself in the Polish language of the first partof the 20th century. The author collected 54 Russicisms, evident in 216 examples. In the collectedlinguistic material Russian lexis is distinctly dominating. Its application in texts about Russia is fullyjustified and unavoidable. The lexis consists of historisms, Sovietisms and other words referringto Russian reality, such as: cerkiew or dziesięcina, that entered Polish vocabulary.
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This article presents the essence of marketing communicative strategy and its value for each entity. The main objective of forming a marketing communicative strategy is described. Moreover, its place in the hierarchy of strategic planning at the enterprise is determined. MCS components and their main content are defined. Step by step procedure for the formation of a marketing communicative strategy is offered. It is based on the sequence of strategic stages in the development process.
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The article focus on theoretical and practical aspects of contemporary media policy, finding the phenomena as an activity of creation and implementation of general principles and rules regarding the operation of media organizations and mediated public communication. In fact media policy is based on two different levels of regulation: government and governance. The author discusses the activities of key actors of media policy and regulation. He claims that within the internal affairs an important role in Media Policy play the regulatory authorities. Among the key actors of European Media Policy are such institutions as the Council of Europe, OSCE and European Union, while on a global scale operate especially ITU, WTO, ONZ and UNESCO.
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Number of women taking the high places on the electoral registers and the number of mandates get by women during the last parliamentary election in Poland was never higher. Moreover women i.e. Ewa Kopacz, Beata Szydło and Barbara Nowacka represented important entities of the Polish political landscape. The aim of the article “Seym and Senate” was to show the participation of women in the last parliamentary election and their current presence in politics. During an election campaign in 2015 they were also seeking the answer to a question about the role, the place and the created media image of leaders of PO, PiS and of the United Left.
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The Internet development allows to apply in social communication modern technological solutions. Cyberspace becomes not only alternative, comparing to traditional media, source of obtaining information but in line with convergence phenomenon it absorbs press, radio, television making their content available in a new formula. In this way computer network helps to expand social range of conventional media. This also applies to self‑government press. Depending on economic condition and communication needs of units e‑face of such press can have different character. In smaller places on the Internet pages there are catalogues which allow to read or download searched content. In large cities make out of economic self‑government press autonomous communication platforms gathering plentiful of carriers and messages. Innovativeness of forms helps to create among the auditorium competences thresholds e.g. related with using applications on mobile devices which give the receivers the access to desired resources. The research of media audience shows that the receivers expect from self‑government the presence of commune and poviat press in the cyberspace.
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The aim of this study is to refer to usage of postmodern elements and application of postmodern means of production in selected digital games. As a product of postmodern era, digital games draw on the cultural tradition of literature, cinema, art and popular culture and by application of postmodern means of production, they create new and unique works of art.
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In an age of mass production, it has become increasingly difficult to distinguish the consumption from perception, especially in realm of culture. As this paper demonstrates, consumption can no longer be consi- dered simply as an object of analysis, because, in contemporary world,it is process in which we participate. Selected ceremonies of consumption are chosen as representative. As representation they become identity markers to both individual (person) and particular social groups. In all processes, the bearer of infor- mation has become an irreplaceable photograph. The study focuses on selected links between photography and consumes daily behavior present in a person‘s life during the hyper-mo- dernity / hypermodern.
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In this article, we discussed a definition of propaganda and overviewed the evolution of this phenomenon in the 20th–21st centuries. There is no single approach towards what is propaganda. Therefore, the Authors of this article use the definition of propaganda introduced by Garth Jowett and Victoria O’Donnell: “Propaganda is the deliberate, systematic attempt to shape perceptions, manipulate cognitions, and direct behaviour to achieve a response that furthers the desired intent of the propagandist”. Within this article we look at how propaganda works, what are its main characteristics and goals. We conclude that the model introduced by Jowett and O’Donnell may be applied in the research of interstate informational campaigns. Considering the structure of Russian propaganda, the proposed model adaptation divides it into three stages: the analysis of situation, process and results. The first stage involves the analysis of the propagandist and one’s context of propaganda. The main goal is to realise how propaganda is spread, what kind of an ideological approach it employs and what are the aims of propagandist. The analysis of a situation includes the fundamental aspects of the main propaganda target. Therefore, this analysis provides a good base for further research. A well done first phase analysis provides sufficient assumptions on new case research in the future and a repeated analysis of the first phase is only needed if one of the main objects has changed. The main objective of the second stage is to find a specific case of propaganda and information warfare. It is also important to trace the targeted audience. This significantly contributes in recognising and evaluating the techniques used by a propagandist and how the targeted audience react to them. The steps of process analysis may be repeated in order to investigate a new propaganda campaign. The third stage is dedicated to analysing the state after the informational attack. It is important to evaluate the strategy that was taken to counter any of the propaganda and damage that was dealt to the state. Received results are important in formulating the map of propaganda. This article suggests a propaganda research model to analyse Russian propaganda in Lithuania. However, the model still requires a case-study grounding; therefore, further studies should be conducted in this regard.
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The subject of the article is the answer as a reaction to the question in Bulgarian media discourse between the recipient and sender. The models that are analyzed do not fall into standard expectations when the recipient fills gaps in the information of the questioner. Various situations are analyzed, but in particular via the so-called "dialogic game" where interlocutors have relatively equal participation in verbal communication. The aim is to reveal to some extent the principles of verbal interpersonal interaction; to understand whether there are specific models that avoid successfully unwanted response from the addressee. Are there any "stereotypes" of speech behavior? And how do they spread in the Bulgarian media context? Are there dominant models that serve as "universal formula"?
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Episodic television drama is currently one of the most popular, profitable and variable forms of audio-visual media production. The author of the study focuses on its ability to appeal to people preferring ‘traditional’ modes of reception as well as to media audiences that spend a lot of their free time in the virtual world. New trends in production of dramatic television series and serials refer to importance of multimedia distribution platforms and fully acknowledge social networks as communication and advertising channels that are capable of actively encouraging the emergence and evolution of so-called “institutionalised fandoms”. The text aimsto offer a set of theoretical outlines related to post-television era, placing emphasis on “brandcasting”, a term that has been developed in order to thoroughly reflect on processes of television branding which often resultin hybrid communication forms merging media content and promotional material. The author also focuses on specific modes of producing, distributing and consuming episodic television drama in the context of so-called “over-the-top” television (OTT TV) or rather “connected” television. The addressed development tendencies are explained through an analysis of successful cooperation between two popular entertainment brands (Marvel Television and Netflix) that is built upon the contemporary ‘boom’ of superheroes and their stories. A basic assumption here is that television drama serials produced by Marvel and exclusively distributed by Netflix can be seen as hybrids of content and promotion which significantly expand Marvel’s global popularity and Netflix’s increasing influence in the sphere of digital media production and distribution.
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Cyberspace of digital media changes contemporary education in two ways: by a new approach to understanding information and a new way of organising this information. In the first case, it is objectification of information that favours the idea of a reduced type of education, based on certain extent of knowledge that is applicable in practice. In our approach, we emphasise the fact that information cannot be taken merely as an object, but also as a contextual and unlimited semantic unit which, through a new organisational level, becomes knowledge. Besides information and knowledge, higher level of cognition requires tacit human features – creativity and wisdom, as well as moral character of man. The second case brings a net-like structure of information, characterised by loop processing, prompt (almost immediate) linking of information that is predominantly image-based. This type of communication and organisation of information is useful because it gives us a fast way of searching for information and – perhaps – more creativity as well. However, it quite possibly implies a risk of weakening some of the cognitive abilities of man (such as logical and abstract thinking), vital not only in the scientific activities, but also in the everyday life. Under influence of communication within cyberspace, contemporary education is beginning to dramatically turn away from discursive (logical, abstract) thinking to associative (especially image-based) thinking. These new trends in education are reflected on really negatively by many authors, for example by M. Bauerlein, N. Carr, K. P. Liessmann or M. Spitzer, as they demand certain ‘counteraction’ which should be based on literacy, critical thinking, information hygiene and which should also become an important component of modern media education.
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Our analysis deals with the electoral contest of individual political parties both before and after the 2016 Slovak parliamentary election was held. The space, which is provided from all kinds of media to political parties, is various. Each medium has an owner and each owner supports different interests. Parliamentary election is considered to be the most important election in Slovakia and thanks to that really wide media coverage is givento them. A couple of months before the opening of the polling stations, discussions had already been underway in both professional and amateur circles regarding the possible variations of the next governing political parties. The media play a large part in decision-making because they can have a meaningful influence on public opinion. Many voters today decide who they will vote for according to media coverage. Political programmes and agendas of the parties and political representatives come second in this decision. In our analysis we also look at online social networking sites, which are currently a huge phenomenon. Every political subject nowadays has its own website and every modern politician has a profile page on Facebook, an account on Twitter and on other social networks. We will also try to approach the possible perspectives of the development of the Slovak political scene.
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The research article aims to describe the overall strategy of the experimental studies aiming to provide a thorough set of knowledge on social networks’ influence on the level of development of the Ukrainian youth’s civic activity. The author presents the results of her own theoretical and research reflection on the structure and characteristicsof the civic activity associated with the Ukrainian youth. The proposed criteria, indicators and diagnostic techniques have led to an empirical research on the Ukrainian youth’s civic activity and its specifics. Firstly, the article refers to various theories and research materials by renowned scholars that reflect on the issue of social networking (social networks, their objectives and functioning in the online space, their impact on the personal development). Secondly, the research study aims to define and discuss the features of the social networks’ influence on the Ukrainian youth’s civic activity and its further development. The author also offers an overview ofthe level of the Ukrainian youth’s civic activity that, as the presented research results reveal, is high in case of the majority of the research participants. The issues related to the use of social networks by young Ukrainian people, i.e. the facts that explain their attitude to this form of communication are also addressed thoroughly, as well as the need for defining the role of social networks in the process of education. The results of the included correlation analysis suggest that the level of the Ukrainian young people’s civic activity and its further development are directly dependent on the use of online social networks. Many young Ukrainians who regularly use social networks are highly active in terms of the civic matters. The research results may help to effectively organise and implement various society-wide projects that would be aimed at the young people in Ukraine specifically.
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The objectives are to analyze the development of the relations in the sphere of the culture between Switzerland and Germany in the 1930-40’s and to determine the reasons for termination of the cultural dialogue between the countries after the arrival of national socialists in German and conditions of its recovery after the Second World War. The historical-genetic and comparative methods were chosen for the study. With the use of the historical-genetic method, the evolution of the German-Swiss cultural relations in the first half of the XX c. was explored. Appeal to the comparative method has enabled to draw the conclusions about the features of the bilateral cultural relations between Switzerland and Germany in the period between the two world wars, during the war of 1939 – 1945 and post-war years. Scientific novelty of the proposed article is that for the first time in Ukrainian historiography an attempt to explore the development of the cultural relations between Switzerland and Germany in 1930 – 40's was made. Conclusions. The main reasons of the Swiss efforts to withdraw from the involvement in the German cultural world in the late 1930's – 40's were memories of the First World War, when the conflict between the French and German communities had put in jeopardy the peace within the Swiss society, and a desire not to create the pretext for the global public accusations against Switzerland of its involvement in the crimes of the national socialists, which could raise doubts about the issue of Swiss neutrality. The background for the restoration of the cultural dialogue between the countries was the desire of Swiss to support the formation of a new democratic regime in the neighboring country, which was realized through the activities of both individual private artistic associations and institutions, and the work of the Swiss diplomacy, which through the analysis of the cultural situation of the particular German states was searching for the potential areas and ways of cooperation.
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The purpose of the work. The socio-cultural tourism practices fully reflect processes caused by postmodernism as a culture and a special type of thinking and perception of the world. The goal of the research is to determine the transformations that occur with tourism practices in the contemporary postmodern culture under the influence of networking technologies of the virtual world. The research methodology is based on the cultural approach with the use of historical and logical methods. Indicated methodological approach allows to reveal and analyze virtual tourism practice as a new form of cultural relations. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the fact that some of the new travel practices are considered as a product of post-modernism, appeared in the conditions of widespread network technologies and virtual reality. Conclusions. Today we do not know what cultural effects virtual tourism and virtual travel community bring, but their development is a natural process. On the one hand their appearance is due to the presence of computer communications systems under the influence of which the perception of the world changes, on the other hand ‒ to the formation of the virtual culture, under the influence of which a new type of a tourist with special needs and behavior is born. Social tourism communities are a valuable tool for cultural exchange, personal and emotional growth and increasing of number of connections with other people. In addition, such online platforms provide a space for people who can participate in the formation of relationships in the fields of non-commercial tourism space. These relations are formed under the influence of expectations and values of individuals and create cultural realities.
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The purpose of the research. The article is devoted to a problem of return and a restitution of cultural values in the context of the Ukrainian-American cooperation. The review of the cultural values returned from the USA by the Ukrainian diaspora is carried out. It is analysed a current state of affairs and legislative base in a question of return and a restitution of cultural values within the Ukrainian-American dialogue. The main objectives of the Ministry of Culture of Ukraine in the field of return and a restitution of cultural values are given. The return prospects from the USA to Ukraine of the picture of the famous French artist of the XVIII century Pierre Louis Goudro «Lovers» lost by the National Museum of Arts of Bogdan and Varvara Hanenko during nazi occupation of Kiev in 1943, and graphic works of Yakov Gnizdovsky are designated. The methodology of research is based on a historical method, the analysis and synthesis, a specification and culturological approach. The called methodological ways allow to study concrete culturological measurements of professional activity on return of cultural values, to carry out the art criticism analysis of such values and to define their component in interrelation with the past, present and future. Scientific novelty of the research is that for the first time the author made an attempt of partial systematization of information on the cultural values returned to Ukraine from America, and the analysis of legislative base of two countries in questions of return and restitution of the specified monuments. Conclusions. In modern conditions of eurointegration processes of Ukraine the question of return of cultural values plays extremely great value and is the perspective direction of bilateral cooperation. It is important especially from the perspective of enriching the cultural values of the state, as a result of such activity Ukrainian cultural treasury is replenished with unique works of fine and decorative arts, rare archival materials and book collections.
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