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This article discusses Ukrainian independence war 1917-1921, Polish-Ukrainian relations in this time and Polish-Russian war as a background of building the Ukrainian state. The article relates to international public law. The author explains how and if the West Ukrainian People’s Republic reached sovereignty and independence.
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Police models are designed to improve safety in society. Although Estonia has not deliberately used any (combination of) police models for developing its policies of safety and its police reforms since the country regained independence, its safety has improved considerably during the last couple of decades. The scholarly discussions about police models are overwhelmingly about the possible effects of different models on safety management and about their application to particular countries. However, countries like Estonia with no consistent conceptions of police have received little attention in academic literature. We aim to fill this gap by analysing the developments of the Estonian police in its philosophical, strategic, tactical and organisational dimensions over the period between 1991 and 2013. The analysed materials include the official police development plans, legislation, statutes, training programs and statistics about the police. Our analysis shows that although safety in Estonia has improved considerably, developments of the Estonian police are characterised by internal discrepancies and inconsistencies. In view of this, we put forth some hypotheses for further studies regarding policy development in a situation where policy is not explicitly stated or where organisational reforms are seen not as “simple” or “complex” problems, but as “wicked” problems.
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This article aims to identify the impact of labour market variables on fertility and family decision‑making in Poland. The paper begins with a general overview of an effect of the increased labour market participation of women on family formation. The second section briefly examines the influence of access to the labour market, high unemployment, labour migration and lower quality jobs on the family. Next, the author discusses conditions for work and family reconciliation in Poland (working hours, flexible forms of employment, full or part-time work). The article concludes with a brief information on how Poles perceive potential obstacles to parenthood related to the labour market.
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The aim of the work is to discuss the demand for identifying the principle of fair elections as a legal determinant of democratic elections. It presents arguments for including this principle among the basic principles of election law, and thus for considering it as one of the fundamental legal “pillars” or the guarantees of democratic electoral process, and in a broader perspective, as one of the key principles of representative democracy or even the whole democratic
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The article discusses the issue of the right to vote as a basic political right expressed in rules and standards of international law. Right to vote as a crucial human right has been presented based on two examples, showing lack of or problematic compliance of Polish electoral law with international human rights law. As first is analyzed the question of disenfranchisement of persons being incapacitated – this is the most important dilemma for the domestic legislator. The second – implementation of the voting rights of persons held imprisonment – is more practical. For it is not enough to grant voting rights in the legal acts eg. in the constitution. It is essential to build the necessary guarantees, which allows to use it by all eligible voters. Only then we can say that right to cast a vote has an actual “human right” dimension.
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Democratical political regime and republican establishment with the individual head of state belonged to basic ideas, which the Czechoslovakian state supported after its foundation in 1918. These constitutional traditions were followed by the Czech Republic as the independent state in 1993. The position of President of the Republic in the constitutional system is regulated in the Constitution which was approved at the end of 1992. The constitutional relations among the highest state authorities result that the Czech Republic has a parliamentary form of govern¬ment. In 1993–2012 was president voted by perliamentary way. The president was elected in point session of both chambers of parliament. The article describes the reasons and a numer of proposals to introduction of the direkt election of the head of state. These proposals reached the top in 1992 when was the constitutional amendment and then lhe law No. 275/2012 Sb., which edited the details of the electoral process, including for example regulation of the campaign financing. This law regulation checked the first direct election of the President in January 2013. In this election won in the second round M. Zeman. President of the republic received by the direct election high legitimacy but president of the republic did not get any new powers. The Czech Republic is thus still maintained parliamentary form of government.
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Ensuring the security and stability of the western border since 1945, it was the axiom Polish raison d’etat. Since the fall of communism and the reunification of Germany in 1991 it is implemented through dialogue and cross-border cooperation of local governments, also from the Province of Lubuskie. The development of this cooperation has created a number of strong local links Polish – German, particularly in the municipalities located directly on the border.Currently, based on mutual interests and benefits gained from cooperation with the German side, some of the Lubuskie border municipalities are proposing changes in the administrative division and are striving for create their own county. There are no objections from the government and other local government makes these efforts more and more realistic.Their potential realization will, however, significant risks, as the planned new structure of local government will be similar to the criticized by Poland solutions proposed in the German concepts of planning proposed in 1991.
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This article tackles the issue concerning the comparison of the laws of Polish and Swedish law regarding the conditions for participation of contractors in the procedure for awarding public contracts. In the introduction we discuss the regulations on public procurement in the Polish and Swedish law. The following points are listed the conditions for the participation of contractors in the procedure for public procurement in Polish law and the terms of participation of contractors in the procedure for public procurement in Swedish law. Summary shows the similarities and differences in the conditions for participation in the public procurement law Polish and Swedish.
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Woodstock Festival is one of the largest mass events organized in Poland. It is organized by the Great Orchestra of Christmas Charity, which thus would like to thank all the volunteers supporting it during rebounds in the January. Every year to Kostrzyn nad Odrą it arrives hundreds of thousands of people, which should be provided security. In numerous media reports Woodstock Festival is known as the safest mass event in Poland. The purpose of this article is to answer two questions: whether the Festival are met all the requirements specified in the act on safety of mass events and implementing acts, and whether the festival has rightly deserves to be called a safe mass event.
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The paper presents problems of terrorism threats for sport stadiums. Terminology refers mass events and terrorist threats were presented. Statistics of terrorist attacks, dead and wounded persons, purposes and methods of terrorism activities were stressed. Furthermore, protection manners against terrorist attacks, new technologies and equipment were discussed.
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The article analyses several terms like mass event or mass sport event. It concentrates on the main theoretical issues of ensuring the safety of mass sport events. It also presents the results of theoretical and empirical studies on providing safety during football matches.
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This article is about the „interpretive decisions” issued to entrepreneurs at the written request by the Social Insurance Institution (ZUS) to help them navigate through the complex and unclear regulations that obligate entrepreneurs to provide public levies and contributions to social or health insurance. Moreover, these decisions have protective value and constitute a specific security for entrepreneurs applying it entirely to the interpretation.In such a case they cannot be burdened by the authority with any public levies, penalties, administrative or financial sanctions.The publication highlights the entity that can submit a request for a written interpretation, and the authorities that deal with these requests. In addition you can find the basic elements of the proposal, the regulations concerning the application fee and the deadline for its release. The author also presents the legal form of published interpretation, how to eliminate it from the legal system and finally proves the thesis that issued ”interpretive decisions” are the security for the entrepreneur and they are designed to ensure the stability and certainty of law.This article is based on the analysis of legal acts, literature and using the most scientific studies of dr hab. J. Wantoch – Rekowski who specialises in the subject of social insurance premiums.
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The article is devoted to the issues of making regional plans for crisis management and defining competent authorities for taking actions in the phase of implementation. The competency of all the services, fire department and inspections has been thoroughly analysed in terms of country security and local society functioning. The considerations were based on Regional Plan for Crisis Management for Lubush Voivodeship as well as experiences gained after 2010 flood in our region
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The aim of the paper is to show actions performed by European Union in terms of fighting an organized crime. Crime destructively influences the complacency of EU society and economic framework. Fighting the phenomenon, which indefectibly employs advances of modern technology and democratic freedoms of nowadays Europe, requires a broad cooperation and an exchange of information between member states. To serve this purpose there were created institutions presented in the paper and legal regulations were implemented in the second half of 20th century and nowadays. In this area, there are various problems arising from the differences in national legislation, mentality, and, what limits the exchange of information most, the unwillingness to share their own knowledge.Breaking these limits can have positive effects in the fight against organized crime in a united Europe.
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This study is a continuation of the research on fire protection systems and protection against disasters in federal states in Germany, located at the border with the Republic of Poland. These systems in the Land of Mecklenburg‑Vorpommern were organized on the basis of two separate, mutually complementary national laws. This article applies only to fire protection.
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The aim of the article is to indicate the role of the voivodeship government administration in the field of information and education of the region’s inhabitants in the area of security with the use of websites run by the sixteen voivodeship offices of Poland. The author formulates the following research questions: What contents on the topic related to security are posted on the websites of individual voivodeship offices? Are they valuable and helpful for the user who is seeking information and assistance? What are their educational qualities? Are the site and its navigation user‑friendly? In the age of information society, when information is a key value, we want to know quickly and with confidence, which is why we choose those sources of information whose reliability is guaranteed by the authority of the office and the function exercised. As a representative of the Council of Ministers in the area, the voivode is responsible for security matters there. His or her tasks include information and education of the inhabitants of the regions, and the Internet is undoubtedly a tool for this purpose nowadays. Therefore, the focus was on the content of websites of sixteen voivodeship offices, in terms of the usefulness of the information and materials contained therein for the users seeking advice, and perhaps even help in the event of a threat to life and health.Keywords: voivode, voivodeship, security, websiteEagerness to ensure security, mostly perceived as independence and ability to protect against threats, has always been a part of human life on Earth. As civilizations developed, the approach, perception, and organization of security systems evolved. The
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The research presented in the article is devoted to issues concerning crisis management system improvement. The emphasis and author’s focus concerns especially the training procedures providing the proper instructions for the specialists operating within it. Specifically, the practical training is named as the priority, and this includes the meansof organizing exercises, and interaction within the crisis management system. The legislative process is also outlined, with the legal ambiguity of some statutory nature also exemplified. This correspondingly includes the assessment of the executory provisions sometimes determining the effective validation of the crisis management system.
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