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More hardships in store as citizens will no longer receive free utilities from next year.
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More hardships in store as citizens will no longer receive free utilities from next year.
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Konstantinos Katsifas had made nationalist claims on social media in days before he died in a shootout near the Greek border.
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Critics say law will do nothing to stem oligarch Peevski’s effective control over the newspaper business.
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The article was written on the basis of literature review. It shows the activities of the OECD as a public policy actor whose activity leads to the increase of the quality of teaching processes. OECD did not solve, however, many problems resulting from the cultural diversity of countries at which it directs its activities. The OECD membership countries presented in the case study have been developed based on an analysis of the literature and materials of this organization. The author emphasizes the significant role of the OECD as a public policy actor in improving the quality of teaching. At the same time, the author points out that systemic solutions do not work the same in all countries, whether developed or developing.
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The paper reviews the reforms that have been carried out in the Netherlands, Germany and in Poland, in the context of the policy of activating the long-term unemployed. Its purpose was to compare changes made in individual countries and to identify similarities and differences between them. The method of analysis of existing sources and legal acts was used. The text attempts to identify gaps in the system of counteracting long-term unemployment, especially in the context of the rarely undertaken assessment of the measures implemented.
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The paper object is an analysis of the process of creating and implementing the cycling policy in Copenhagen. The study was based on the analysis of policy papers and studies on other aspects of Danish public policy, whose assumptions are in line with the theme. The role of cycling management has been demonstrated in successfully integrating the actions of various public policies, demonstrating possible ways to support each other’s goals.
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The aim of the article is to describe innovation policy and the role of universities in innovation development. Also define what is the third mission of the university, functioning alongside the other two (education and research). The article presents the basic instruments of innovation policy and the ways of technology transfer from science to industry. Methods used in article included the analysis of national and foreign literature as well as analysis of data collected by organizations dealing with innovation policy and R&D. This article has a theoretical nature.
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Urban development is undeniably connected with deciding about the direction of changes that take place in the urban space. Currently, the challenge for local decision-makers is to create an attractive urban space, free from negative phenomena among which one of the most disturbing is ghettoization. The aim of this article is to present the subject of the progressive ghettoization of the Polish cities’ space and try to stop this process by local authorities with the use of legislative tools, such as so-called landscape resolutions. It supplements the discourse over public policies carried out by public administration bodies in counteracting the negative effects of the appropriation of urban space. The article was based on the analysis of selected domestic and foreign literature as well as the analysis of the content of legal acts and their projects. It fits into the research gap, consisting in the lack of a synthetic approach to the issue of ghettoization, presenting the current state of work on solutions in this area in selected Polish cities.
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In this paper the public procurement contract in Croatian legal order is analyzed. In the first part of the paper I analyzed the provisions of public procurement regulatory framework of the European Union which define the public procurement contract, and the regulation of this institute in two comparative legal orders: German and French. In the second part of the paper the historical regulation of the public procurement contract in the Croatian legal order is given, as are the prevailing theoretical understandings on its legal nature. In the final part of the paper the regulation of the public procurement contract according to the new Public Procurement Act is given, the basic determinants of this contract with the determinants of an administrative contract according to the General Administrative Procedure Act are compared and the answer on the question whether the public procurement contract is a administrative contract or a civil law contract is given.
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Pantouflage is a specific form of conflict of interest of public officers, which differs from the classic conflict of interest by the mode of prepartion, the realization of conflict of interest, as well ad by its subsequent effect. This form of conflict can do serious damage to the public interest, since it is based on two abuses – the abuse of authority and the abuse of privileged information. Therefore, a significant intervention of the State is essential for solving this kind of conflict of interest. On the one hand, it is necessary to have precise legal regulations and efficient mechanism for the prevention of pantouflage, but on the other hand, „a second chance“ should be given to former public officers, who would, upon the end of their public office, continue, their professional careers without creating conflict of interest.
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Serbian Law on the election of MPs was amended in 2011 with the introduction of gender quotas that serve to ensure that at least one third of MPs are women. However, the necessity of such affirmative measures can be disputed. The number of female MPs, as well as women holding other positions of power, has been rapidly growing over the past couple of decades without any special treatment and that tendency seems to persist. The present percentage of women in parliament reached 36, 8%, which is fairly high compared to the most other countries. It is also higher than the quota requirements. Also, statistics show that there is no gender discrimination concerning access to high education and that women surpass men when highly qualified occupations are in question. However, there are still aspects of the right to work in which discrimination is possibly taking place and that is something what should be the focus of future fight for gender equality. Electoral gender quota system is not only practically redundant, but its constitutionality is also in question. The author analyses the gender quota system from the theoretical perspective, confronting it with the idea of the parliament as the representative of the political will of the people. Although Serbian Constitution allows measures of affirmative action to be introduced, it also sets the requirements for such action. In this paper the fulfillment of those requirements is analyzed, leading to conclusion that the constitutionality and the reason itself of such quota system in today’s Serbia is doubtful. The goals of removing gender discrimination in this area are met not due to affirmative measures, but the will and success of women themselves. Author also briefly shows the historical development of today’s gender relations, concerning voting rights, gives comparative context and tries to point out the directions where the fight against gender discrimination should be taken next.
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The court plays a very important role in achieving legal certainty. One of the basic ways for it is a consistency in judicial decisions. This means that courts must take into account that the same legal situation must be adjudicated in the same way. This is the basic requirement of formal justice. In modern legal systems, the most important role in harmonizing court practice has the Supreme Court. As the last and also the highest instance in the system of the regular judiciary, the Supreme Court should provide a guarantee against the divergent practice of lower instance courts. This is the case with the Serbian legal system in which the Supreme Court has a legally declared obligation to harmonize court practice. The normative solutions that Serbian legislation foresees on this occasion are the subject of numerous criticisms. They concern, first and foremost, the role of these court in harmonizing the jurisprudence within its jurisdiction outside the trial, by answering to the controversial legal issue and by taking general legal attitudes. On this occasion, the criticism was addressed by relevant expert and consultative bodies, such as the Venice Commission and the Consultative Council of European Judges. The practice of the European Court of Human Rights also stand in a similar position. All this clearly indicates that the normative framework for harmonization of court practice in the Republic of Serbia, in particular the role of the Supreme Court, is not in accordance with the international standards and practice of the European Court of Human Rights. What consequences these legal solutions might have in practice can best be seen in the analysis of specific court proceedings. A representative example is a judicial proceeding between citizens and the National Employment Service. After several years of judicial practice in which the courts adjudicated in favor of the citizens, there was a change in the method of adjudication, based on the Supreme Court's attitudes that he had taken on disputed a legal issue, relevance for deciding in this dispute. The Supreme Court's attitudes, led the courts to adopt different decisions in identical legal matters on the basis of these attitudes which does not formally oblige them. This practice leads to serious disruptions within the legal system and loss of citizens’ confidence in the judicial system, due to the increased degree of legal uncertainty that is being encouraged in this way
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In every state that has decided to introduce to its legal system the oversight of public administration by an administrative judiciary, one of the most crucial points appears to be the question of regulating the scope of such control. The creation of administrative courts itself does not guarantee proper and full protection of citizens against the actions of the authority. As is shown by the history of statutes of control, the legislator can de facto freely influence the judges in this matter by introducing either the so-called enumeration clause or a general clause. Both aforementioned ways of determining the scope of contesting are derived from German legislation, in which Rudolf von Gneist’s and Otto Bähr’s concepts were „competing” over the years. The first saw the administrative judiciary mainly as an institution to protect the objective law order. For the latter, who put the individual’s rights first, it was pivotal that the administrative judiciary should provide full protection of citizens against the actions of the executive power. And it was the second of the two theories that led to a gradual disappearance of determining the object of protection in statutes regarding administrative court procedures by listing the categories of affairs liable to control (enumeration) with general clauses allowing submission of conceivably all activity of public administration to the cognizance of the courts. The profound influence of ideas proposed by German administrative law theorists on contemporary views of the administrative judiciary’s role in a democratic state following principles of the rule of law is clearly visible in an analysis of Polish regulations applying to administrative court proceedings. Earlier, in the 1980 Supreme Administrative Court Act, the legislator excluded the „inconvenient” administrative cases by enumerations; this limitation presently seems impossible. This article presents how the regulations regarding the scope of control of the administrative judiciary in Poland and Germany were changing over the years. The comparative method was mainly aimed at showing the changing approach to the judicial oversight of public administration. The ideas adopted from our western neighbors were influential in the theory of administrative law not only in Poland, but also in Europe.
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La vérification de l'exercice des autorisations publiques aux organisations et communautés autogestionnaires par la loi ou par la décision basée la loi de l'assemblée de la communauté socio-politique est une des questions qui dans la théorie et la pratique yougoslaves occupe une place très importante, car elle est en relation directe et exerce une grande influence sur la position, la rôle et la fonction ultérieurs de l'Etat et de ses organes dans notre société socialiste autogestionnaire.Cependant, quoique les autorisations publiques en tant qu'institution juri¬dique existe dans notre droit depuis plus de vingt ans, dans notre théorie juridique et surtout dans le fonctionnement pratique de cette institution il y a encore un assez grand nombre de questions ouvertes et discutables. Une de ces questions est celle qui se rapporte au mode de vérification des autorisations publiques, qui est traitée dans de plus larges proportions dans ce travail.Quoiqu'au premier abord il paraît que le mode de vérification des autori¬sations publiques aux organisations et communautés autogestionnaires est régle¬menté avec précision par l'article 152 de la Constitution de la République Soci¬aliste Féaérative de Yougoslavie, néanmois dans la mise en application pratique de cette disposition constitutionnelle certains problèmes se posent. En effet, la Constitution prévoit que la vérification des autorisations publiques aux organi¬sations et communautés autogestionnaire peut être effectuée par la loi ou par la décision basée sur la loi de l'assemblée de la commune, alors la question se pose si cela signifie que par les décisions des assemblées des autres communautés socio-politiques (les communautés urbaines, les communautés des communes, les communautés régionales) on ne pourrait effectuer cette vérification. Nous plaidons en faveur de la thèse que d'après les décisions basées sur la loi des assemblées de toutes les communautés socio-politiques on peut vérifier les autorisations pub-liques aux organisations et communautés autogestionnaires, d'où il s'ensut que les assemblées des communautés régionales intercommunales n'auraient pas un tel droit, qui d'après la Constitution de la République Socialiste de Serbie n'ont pas le statut de la communauté socio-politique.Dans notre activité législative n'est pas dévelopée la pratique que par les prescriptions soit expressément vérifiée l'exercice des autorisations publiques aux sujets n'appartenent pas à l'Etat, mais on arrive généralement à une telle conclu¬sion par la voie indirecte, ce qui dans la pratique mène à des problèmes déter¬minés, tant en ce qui concerne le droit à l'exercice des affaires qui sont dans le cadre des autorisations publiques que, en particulier, en ce qui concerne le mode et le volume de ces affaires. C'est pourquoi nous considérons que dans la régularisation législative future ces questions doivent être spécifiées d'une ma¬nière plus précise.
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L'assurance en cas de chômage, qui représente aujourd'hui une institution très importante, a pasé depuis son commencement jusqu'à aujourd'hui une route longue et difficultueuse. Depuis ses débuts elle a représenté une des plus impor¬tantes composantes* dans la lutte de la classe ouvrière pour l'amélioration de ses conditions de vie et de travail.Dans ce travail on a esseayé d'éclaircir le développement de cette institu¬tion dans le droit de travail de la Yougoslavie. En poursuivant cette tâche nous avons exposé non seulement l'origine et le développement de cette institution, mais aussi les motifs idéologiques, l'actitivé des hommes, de l'organisation etc., ainsi que la question par quels facteurs ces motifs idéaux ont été provoqués (par quels intérêts matériels et qui sont leurs bénéficiaires, par quels rapports sociaux et de quelle espèce, par quel développement de la production matérielle, par quelles formes de quel pouvoir social, etc.).L'assurance en cas de chômage dans la R. S. F. de Yougoslavie compremd: le droit à la réparation en argent et l'assurance santé sur les principes de l'assu¬rance sociale obligatoire; l'aide technique et matérielle pendant la durée du chômage temporaire et à l'occasion de la reprise du travail; la recommaissance du chômage temporaire pour lequel est réalisé le droit à la réparation en argent et le stage spécial pour l'assurance; le droit à l'aide stipulé en argent et les autres droits, et dans les conditions déterminées par les prescriptions valables sur le territotoire de l'exercice du travail et de l'assurance en cas de chômage.Considéré, par conséquent, sous l'aspect socio-juridique le plus large, l'assu¬rance en cas de chômage, qui est basée sur l'assurance sociale obligatoire, dans le fond a pour but d'assurer, entre autre, la sécurité matérielle et sociale des ouvriers en chômage et de les stimuler à perfectionner leurs capacités professionnelles et à se requalifier aux fins de trouver un emploi dans le plus bref délai.
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L' auteur met en relief tout d'abord que les changements qui avaient eu lieu dans notre système socio-politique ont exercé aussi l'influence sur l'adminis¬tration publique, auquel cas devant l'administration publique s'imposait l'exigence de s'adapter à ces changements. Conformément aux changements dans la situa-tion et dans la fonction de l'andministration publique, qui avaient surtout pris naissance après l'entrée en vigueur de la Constitution de la République Socialiste Fédérative de Yougoslavie de 1974 on peut remarquer en particulier les change- menst en relation avec la socialisation de l'administration publique. La socialisa¬tion de l'administration publique repprésente un aspect constant de son dévelo¬ppement depuis la Loi constitutionnelle de 1953, toutefois cette caractéristique de la Loi mentionnée a surtout pris toute sa portée dans la Constitution de la République Socialiste Fédérative de Yougoslave de 1974.La socialisation de l'administration publique se réalise par la dévolution des pouvoirs publics aux organisation et communautés autogestionnaires; la for¬mation et la travail des conseils sociaux, le développement des activités non- -autoritaires de l'administration publique; la formation des organes collégiaux de l'administration, la formation des organisations administratives; l'exercice de l'influence sociale de la part des organisations et communautés autogestionnai¬res sur les organes de l'administration publique.Dans l'exposé ultérieur 1' auteur traite à part chaque aspect de toutes les sortes mentionnées de la socialisation de radministraqtion publique.
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Le droit des communautés socio-politiques et de leurs organes d'exercer, le çoji-trêle sur le travail , des' organisations de travail a outre un but plus restreint respect de la légalité de même un but plus large le développement de la çonsiencéjsobiâle chê£ les travailleurs et leur disposition d'édifier la société au- tôgestionnaire. En- fonction du développement des forces matérielles de la société, le con¬trôle de l'assemblée de la; communauté socio-politique sur les actes généraux autogestionnaires des organisations de travail associé avait obtenu dans notre société la place correspondante. Pendant un certain temps l'Etat exerçait aussi la fonction de contrôle. Par l'introduction de l'autogestion sociale une telle forme de l'activité de contrôle devient le frein du développement social ultérieur. Il était nécessaire d'introduire de nouvelles formes du contrôle qui correspondront au degré donné du développement des rapports socio-économique dans notre société. Depuis la gestion administrative de l'économie jusqu'aux changements constitutionnels les plus récents et la décentralisation des décisions dans le travail associé l'activité de contrôle se transformait évolutivement. Mais, il faut dire qu'elle avait toujours pour but de protéger la constitutionnalité et la légalité socialistes.Le développement contemporain des rapports socio-économiques et du système politique chez nous fait ressortir que notre pays se trouve dans la phase quand on peut parler de la formation d'un système de contrôle plus complet et plus adéquat. En conformité avec ce qui précède l'assemblée deila commune a le droit et le devoir de suspendre en partie ou entièrement l'exécution de tout acte de l'organisation de travail associé qui contraire à la loi, ou à l'acte général autogestionnaire avec lequel il doit être conforme et d'initier la procédure pour l'estimations de ia constitutionnalité et la légalité des actes généraux autogestionnaires devant la Cour constitutionnelle ou devant le- tribunal de travail associé pour l'estimation de la conformité réciproque des actes généraux autogestionnaires.
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This article presents changes in the electoral system applicable to the local government elections. Elaborating the specificity of local government elections in Poland, the paper focuses on several important aspects: the existence of three different electoral systems for different levels in the local government elections, the influence of political parties and national policy on election campaigns, the specificity of regions and the need to adapt party programs, the perception of the figures elected in local government elections, the role and importance of electoral committees of voters. The influence and importance of the national policy in local government campaigns were pointed out, the campaign and electoral results of local government elections in 2018 were discussed.
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The police, as the most numerous uniformed formation in the Republic of Poland (more than one hundred thousand officers) with a strictly hierarchized command structure, caring for internal order and legal order, have many competences in their field of activity, among others to enter into cooperation with external entities, including to cooperation with non-governmental organization). We refer to all subjects that are not entities or public administration bodies and whose activity is not aimed at achieving profit. A characteristic feature of non-governmental organizations is therefore the lack of connections with public authorities (this is often the name of non-governmental organizations). In Poland, this concept is defined by the Act on Public Benefit and Volunteer Work in 2003, which introduces an extended definition of non-governmental organizations as entities carrying out public benefit activities. The article aims are to familiarize the subjects related to the cooperation of the Police with non-governmental organizations in the implementation of statutory tasks, determining the place of NGOs in the system of ensuring security, as well as indicating the conclusions and possible recommendations from this cooperation.
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