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After a period of relatively small activity in this region, in 2007, the European Union offered a strategy for Central Asia. This strategy addressed many issues, including democratic deficit and human rights violations. The main obstacles to the implementation of the strategy are autocratic tendencies and corruption, the influence of neighbors strongly leaning towards autocracy and the postSoviet legacy. Additionally, the EU’s activity is overshadowed by the US and has minimal capacity for pursuing its own policy toward Central Asia. Another problem is the fact that after implementing this EU strategy toward Central Asia there are no new initiatives which contribute to more visible European activity in that region.
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Since the beginning of David Cameron’s rule in the United Kingdom (2010) Eurosceptic sentiments have intensified, leading to a split in society, a referendum and, finally, Brexit. Germany was for the UK remaining in the EU, but after the referendum Germany announced the EU would negotiate hard to have its conditions met. Germany decided that Brexit provided favorable prospects for enhancing cooperation among the remaining 27 states. The most difficult negotiating items concern financial settlements between London and Brussels (ca. EUR 60 billion), the status of EU citizens employed and residing in the territory of the UK, and the North Ireland-Irish Republic border. The negotiations of a new trade agreement between the EU and the UK are also difficult.
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The paper analyses women’s representation at the local level in Slovakia, or at the level of all (almost three thousand) Slovak municipalities, respectively. We focus on determinants of women’s descriptive representation in mayoral offices and how various factors (socioeconomic, cultural, or political) affect women’s political representation at this level. The main findings of the paper are that education or cultural factors (Catholicism and share of the population with Hungarian nationality) had only very limited effect on women’s representation, in contrast to the much stronger negative effect of the municipality size, which significantly decreased number of women in the position of Slovak mayors. However, we show that the strongest effect on women’s chances to be elected to the position of the mayor is whether women held mayoral post in a given municipality in a previous electoral term. This factor strongly favours women in following mayoral elections and at the same time it explained almost all variance in the dependent variable.
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The sovereignty is the power of the state which is independent from any other internal or external powers. The sovereignty is the attribute of the power of the state or the right of the state, whose condition is the existence of the state independent of any other state. The purpose of this contribution is to provide the impact of European Union member states sovereignty. The concept of sovereignty is changing because of the integration of the states in supranational European Union. The sovereignty of all member states of European Union is limited upon the international treaties which creates the field of this supranational organization. The Fiscal union, the Eurozone, limiting of the designation of top officials, limiting the development of foreign relations or limiting the justice are some examples of limitation of sovereignty in European Union. Last part of this contribution deals with specific examples of limitation of sovereignty which are actual today. The last chapter deals with the limitation of sovereignty in Kosovo, which is the typical example of the relation between sovereignty and self-determination like two basic norms of international law which often appear in contradiction to each other, Ukraine, whose state sovereignty is questioned, the Basque territory whose habitants consider to be a nation, whose main purpose is to create their own state with their own sovereignty and Gibraltar, the British overseas territory.
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In the common law order, precedent is not only a matter of applying law but also of making law. The crucial function of stare decisis is to relieve the appearance of judicial arbitrariness. Precedent also applies in the domain of administrative law in the context of judicial control of administrative policy making. Federal courts treat administrative agencies as having precedent-setting powers comparable to their own, under what is referred to as the Chevron doctrine. This doctrine determines the scope of judicial control of the decisional process performed by an administrative agency, particularly when the court is called upon to enforce a limitation to the administrative discretion delegated by the agency’s governing statute.
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The governments of China and United States of America have varying views about the internet. This also includes the way society shout have access to it. These differences are fundamental and rooted in different cultural and political systems. The internet is also a place where those countries can – not always in a legal manner – gain advantage on the world stage. The article’s author tries to present China-U.S. relations in the cyberspace.
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The authors have been involved in the functioning of the private sector in Poland for over twenty years. These are not only theoretical considerations, but supported by extensive experience. Both as police officers supervised specialized armed protective formations and participated in the process of training security personnel. They were also consultants in the creation of the first legal regulation in Poland which defines the rights and obligations of both security staff and entrepreneurs conducting business in this area. Currently, they are security auditors in large entities protected by SUFO. On a daily basis, they examine the level of services provided by these formations, they indicate weaknesses, errors or legal deficiencies negatively affecting the performance of tasks entrusted to security personnel. In this publication, they point to contemporary terrorist threats resulting, among other things, from the uncontrolled wave of migration that is sweeping through Europe. They present examples of spectacular terrorist attacks that took place in European countries in 2017. Against this background, they perceive the necessity of optimal functioning of the state security system not only at the government and local government levels, but also at the local level served by commercial security entities.
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As a result of the 2008 economic, social and political crisis the Spanish society was overturned. This situation resulted in a huge gap between Spanish people and the political establishment, as well as in a will of a deep cultural change. Politics plays a major role in solving the crisis, as there is a real need to modify the institutions that rule the country. The engines of this new era, and among them the brand new political parties, have shattered the two-party system which had been the rule. Both the People’s Party (Partido Popular) and the Socialist Party (Partido Socialista Obrero Español) have been involved in corruption scandals. People challenge the political establishment to transform the country.
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An analysis of the policies led by the Spanish central government over 300 years shows us how began the radial story of Spain on April 23rd 1720, with the coming into force of the first regulation that established the centralization of ways. Thus, we will see how the central power has applied its policy to favour the social and political influence of Madrid and lastly its economic influence. This article puts the accent on a tangible identity debate where Spanish regions try to increase their decision-making power in particular in the management of their infrastructures to revitalize economically their territory.
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The domestic debate on the EU is often simplified, based on ideology or lack of comprehension. European – including Polish – discussion is quite often dominated by narrowly understood national interests overshadowed by the lack of information on the functioning of the EU. The controversy between the European Commission and Poland on the rule of law in Poland, especially the independence of the judiciary or the issue of relocation of immigrants prove that the subject matter of the dispute is the treaty model of integration and its fundamental legal concepts. It is thus crucial to reflect on what is the supranational character of the EU? Why we have agreed to confer public powers on the EU? Is the EU restricting sovereignty? Is the democracy possible in the EU? Despite the criticism, the EU is still offering effective multilevel governance setting. To paraphrase Mark Twain: the report of its death was an exaggeration.
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This article assesses the approach of the European Union in its enlargement policy towards the Western Balkans. A brief comparison with the Eastern enlargement exposes three main differences: an ambiguous membership perspective, hard conditionality policies, and an exclusive individual approach for each country. These are argued to be insufficient engagement on part of the Union and have unwittingly tolerated the establishment of “stabilitocracies” in the region. A number of proposals for overcoming the unfavourable situation are outlined as a conclusion.
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The aim of this article is to analyse the importance of public legal education in the overall task of strengthening the rule of law. Rule of law is a concept that encompasses four principles: accountability, just laws, open government and accessible and impartial dispute resolution. Hence, there are many actors participate in the shaping process of the rule of law, not only governments and public institutions, also citizens should play a role; because rule of law is a true platform for peace, civilization and guarantee of individual social and communitarian freedom within a State. Absolute respect for the rule of law is a prerequisite to join numerous international organisations, as well as the European Union which is a priority for Western Balkan countries. The purpose of this article is also to explore the situation of Justice in this region and how their inhabitants evaluate and perceive it, evidencing by the way the possibilities that PLE could bring to Western Balkans reinforcing the rule of law and raising awareness about social and community rights.
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This paper seeks to examine the security issues created in the Philippines following the unfulfilled peace agreement between the Philippines government and the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF). It discusses how the issues facing the southern Philippines today and the increased rate of radicalization is linked to the failure to implement the Comprehensive Agreement on Bangasamoro (CAB). Many factors driving radicalization would be addressed by the CAB and many fighters become radicalized are disillusioned MILF fighters.
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Conventionally, the UK intelligence statutory framework has been covered in secrecy which has led, throughout the years, to questions regarding the way in which these intelligence agencies are conducting their work. However, the revelations of Edward Snowden about the way in which the UK intelligence agencies choose to bypass the law when it comes to national security has reopened the debate concerning the insufficient level of accountability of these agencies. The fact that there is this debate only shows that Britain’s security governance is undergoing a fundamental transformation from the necessity to renew trust and confidence in Britain’s democratic institutions and to ensure there is sufficient oversight and scrutiny of governmental agencies decision. The purpose of this paper is to highlight why there is an ambiguity when it comes to intelligence agencies. This will be done by analyzing the emergence of the legislation governing the three British intelligence agencies which will offer suggestion for future reform when it comes to how these agencies can be hold to account.
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Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) is currently considered as a potential candidate for EU membership. However, a huge backlog of reforms led to a standstill in the process of rapprochement with the EU. One of the factors hampering BiHs progress on necessary reforms is its complex political system and the lacking will of some of its political decision makers to find compromises. A new German-British initiative set out to restart BiH’s process of reform and rapprochement. This paper will discuss the contents and prospects of this initiative in the context of EU’s standards of conditionality for membership and the key challenges for BiH on its way to submit a credible application for membership in the Union.
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Europeanisation is a process through which every country that wants to join the European Union should pass. T. Risse, M. Green Cowles and J. Caporaso defined Europeanisation as an impact of European integration on domestic political and social process. Europeanisation is a wide concept that applies to many sectors, but in this paper, the main focus will be on Europeanisation process in the field of public administration in Serbia. Serbia became a candidate state for the accession in the European Union in 2012. The aim of this paper is to show the process of the public administration reform in Serbia after the revolution in 2000. It is important to examine the main problems, obstacles and challenges regarding this case. Since there in no unique model of public administration in the European Union, it is more difficult for candidate countries to find their own model of functional and efficient administration.
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How is the European Union conditionality affecting administrative reform in Bosnia and Herzegovina? Are there specific criteria at the European Union (EU) level for public administration reform? Are the reforms adopted at the national level implemented in the reality of the country? These are questions that I will try to deal with in this essay, which mainly aims at providing a general overview on the EU administrative conditionality and on the status of administrative reform in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Furthermore, I will analyze the limits of the EU conditionality that has been so powerful in fostering reforms in Central and Eastern Europe in the 2004 enlargement, but seems to have lost its transformative power in the case of the Western Balkans, particularly in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
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A brief survey on migration as a result of theatrical, social or political matters
More...Táncos exodus az ezredforduló után és napjainkban: a "függetlenek"
Why do Hungarian independent dancers and choreographers choose to continue their career abroad?
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