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It is against recent experiences of proliferative consumption of the earth's resources that planners and politicians must confront the challenge of peak oil over the coming years. With so few examples of peak oil available worldwide, this paper explores the realities of this in Cuba after the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1989 – the so-called special period, which decimated the country's imports of energy, food and other vital supplies. Drawing on primary research collected in Cuba during 2008 and in an attempt to stimulate debate about how western countries and cities might respond to future losses of global resources, this paper examines the policy responses implemented in Cuba in the fields of transport, spatial planning, agriculture and energy. Despite the Cuban situation being politically different from other countries and the fact that the loss of resources during the special period were abrupt and unplanned, it is argued that there is still considerable scope for a wider application of the concepts to other towns and cities, if not countries and cultures.
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Since the crisis of 2008, housing is yet again and increasingly becoming a form of profitable financial investment. This tends to dominate over the claim that each person has the need and the right to access affordable, good quality housing. Across the globe this tendency is intensified by state policies as well. However, bottom-up initiatives organizing themselves for collective housing solutions are also gaining ground. These self-organized, „self-help” models open the possibility for economically vulnerable social groups to support each other in finding solutions for their housing problems, and also to collectively access resources that would individually be impossible to reach. This paper presents such an alternative housing solution, notably the model of rental-based housing cooperatives. Rental housing cooperatives are institutions organized in a bottom-up manner with the aim of providing affordable, good quality and stable housing for their members. We discuss two examples from Germany and from Uruguay for successful rental housing cooperative networks, which have existed for several decades. Finally, we present the steps which have been taken in the past years in Hungary and in the Eastern European region towards the establishment of such a model.
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In this paper we try to briefly analyse the main working principles and the social consequences of the financial system. In the second part of our article we describe several alternative solutions to the current system: in our opinion, some of these could help and enable the work of establishing a democratic and solidarity economy.
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Britain's exit from the European Union and the election of President Donald Trump at the White House are events that are part of a broader global world change project that dominated international political life in the US's sphere of interest and influence in the post-World War II period. The article highlights some of the causes that led planners in Washington and London to make radical changes in their future projects. It highlights how the US has lost over the past decade and a half its international influence and the internal crisis generated by the priority promotion of global interests in the face of the deep interests of the US. It also shows that Britain, after fighting hard with great losses in two world wars as the winner, found itself in a situation where, within the EU, Germany would make the most important decisions. The article highlights the way how it started and then stalled the process of encouraging the American doctrine of Europe of nations.
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Von 17. bis 21. Juli 1984fan d in Perugia zum drittenmal—nach Brüssel 1982 und Berlin 1983 — die END-Konferenz für europäische atomare Abrüstung statt. Aus Osteuropa gab es mehrere Thesenpapiere, die der Konferenz vorgelegt wurden: Janos Kis untersuchte die Frage »Friedensbewegung und europäische Einheit«, Milan Kunderas Aufsatz über »Jalta und seine gesellschaftlichen Folgern lag ebenso vor wie eine Reihe von Texten aus děr DDR. Wir wählten zwei Papiere aus, die insofern neue Aspekte in die Diskussion bringen, als sie beide die Meinung vertreten, die Friedensbewegung müsse über ihren eigenen, recht eng gesteckten Rahmen hinauswachsen hin zu einer Überlebensbewegung. Wie das konkret gemeint ist, veranschaulichen die beiden Beiträge.
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As far as the social transformation and new construction are concerned, from 2009 to 2015, the primary issue is the actions and preferences of immigrants themselves concerning the pressures of unemployment and the financial crisis of foreign households, as well as the emerging trends in repatriation and return or relocation within the country. The ongoing escalation of the refugee crisis is inextricably linked to and compounded by the phenomenon of excess economic migration, rendering them indistinguishable in terms of categorization and management in most circumstances. The EU refugee crisis has been transformed into a series of inextricably linked crises. In particular, those related to the security of its external borders, its task serving as the main pillar of its life the unity, as frictions within Europe have developed to break up and exacerbate nationalism, humanitarianism, both in the host countries (mainly Greece) and in the interim, where the handling of refugees and those who have been temporarily in their territories is intended to prevent their entry. Therefore, it is clear that the management effectiveness of each crisis is and should be the core of policies to optimize procedures.
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After the Second World War, according to the agreements between the victorious Allies in the war, the greatest powers in the world, Romania was assigned to the Soviet sphere of influence. Because of this, the historian must analyze this period as an objective situation of history, avoiding the politicization of the situation and regarding things as if they should have been different, and Romania would have had development alternatives outside the strict framework imposed by world power which controlled the area of influence.From the beginning of the historical period of the state socialist regime, improperly called ”communist”, within the Romanian Communist Party, two camps emerged: that of the communists who spent many years in the regime's prisons during the two decades after 1924, when the Communist Party of Romania was outlawed and the communists who were in exile in the Soviet Union, under the protection of the Kremlin authorities and who did not know the persecutions, harsh investigations, beatings and sometimes death, in Romanian prisons.The article explains that Communist Party dignitaries and important Securitate commanders, as well as their agents in the military, remained loyal to the Soviet Union and secretly sabotaged the political line of national independence promoted by Romania's collective leadership, led by Nicolae Ceaușescu. They acted in this way despite the explicit orders given.At the forefront of the saboteurs of Romania's independent national policy were the ethnic minorities of the Communist Party, primarily Jews, Gypsies and Hungarians and the Securitate leadership, which was the most important opponent of Romania's nationalist leadership, especially Nicolae Ceaușescu.The result of this sabotage of the policy of national independence was the collapse of Romania in December 1989, its plunder almost in its entirety and the transformation of the country, in the period that followed, into a colony of multinational economic companies.
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It has become more and more important to study the interconnections across the cultural and security sector and imagine how changes in one sector can disrupt operations in the other one. This paper is trying to chart the eVol.ution of cultural influences over state security, arguing that security interests are defined by leaders who respond to cultural factors.Also, by analyzing the basic cultural dimensions, we will be able to see in what measure citizens coming from different states, with a different history, values, ideology, politics, religion, can influence the security policy and strategy of the state where they are relocating.
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Corruption does not simply occur in developing countries, but is often heard in developed countries. Several domestic government officials and enterprise executives involving in corruption in past years reveals that the corruption style is different from public employees with public power changing money with power in the past, and the method of operation is updating to challenge the case handling ability of prosecutors. Corruption prevention refers to developing the functions of deterrence and warning through related procedures and systems. Anti-corruption, on the other hand, induces public awareness of anti-corruption through education and promotion to have people realize the badness of corruption and appeal citizens to collaboratively strike corruption and shape the complete anti-corruption network. With experimental design model to precede the quasi-experimental study, total 202 college students in central and southern Taiwan, as the research subjects, are preceded the 16-week (3 hours per week for total 48 hours) anti-corruption education with case method. The research results show that case method would affect learning motivation, case method would affect learning effectiveness, learning motivation presents significantly positive effects on learning effect in learning effectiveness, and learning motivation reveals remarkably positive effects on positive gain in learning effectiveness. According to the results to propose suggestions, it is expected to deliver certain social value and concept to the public and that the civil society, from bottom-up, could play the role for supervision and accountability, stress on the seriousness and destruction of the negative effect of corruption on the nation and society, and further cultivate the social value to affirm integrity but despise corruption so that people genuinely anticipate integrity.
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The text presents three media studies of students from the specialties "European Studies" and "Journalism" at Sofia University St. Kliment Ohridski", held at three time points from the battle of the world with Kovid-19. Each of the studies has its own purpose, methodological specifics and specific results, as well as its own name: Kovid in "Good News", Between "Second" and "Third Wave" and "For" and "Against" Vaccination. Collecting them together and in temporal sequence expands the information about the behavior of the media and, at the same time, outlines specific excitements and tendencies in different phases of the development of the disease until today.
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The text presents the results of a student study on the ways in whichmedia and journalists act in the first months of the emerging healh andhumanitarian crisis in 2020, conducted in the beginning of February 2020. Thecontext of this choice is important, as in February Bulgarian media still speak of a"virus like any other", the primary messages of the experts were: "no place forpanic", "no serious danger", "a virus, which is less dangerous than the seasonalflu". The study presents the results of approaches to subjects and speaking figuresin different media and shows, through which they informed society in the firstmonths of the crisis. The authors of the study are the fourth year students from the‘Radio’ profile, FJMK, SU. Authors: Dorotea Tsvetanova, Iliyana Marinkova,Denitsa Dyankova, Tereza Kancheva, Emiliya Kircheva, Kristina Yordanova,Viktor Nikolov, Lyuba Garkova, Borislav Valov, Maria Stancheva, ElmiraDzhoma.
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The Covid-19 crisis has been a flaws' indicator that every society is affected by, including Romania. The health crisis has been toppled by political turmoil and a concerning increase of the gap between the population and the ruling elites. This crisis is founded on disinformation, fake news, and the rise of the far-right. This paper argues that there is a need for political dissidents' direct involvement in promoting security culture and education in the Romanian society of today. The first premise imputed is that the ongoing crisis produced by the pandemic weakens the democratic structure of the society. Being a low-trust society, a vice inherited from the communist era, Romanian citizens tend to be skeptical about the decisions taken by their elected politicians and therefore diminish or exclude serious threats to national and human security. That behavior represents an obstacle to the well-functioning of the state and the promotion of the National Defense Strategy 2020-2024. A strong security culture would imply automatically a tighter relation between security services and the Romanian citizens, leading in the end to an overall better status quo.
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The shale revolution that began in 2008 caused structural changes in the crude oil sector in the United States. The article aims to try to identify the most important factors influencing the development of unconventional crude oil in the U.S. In addition, the author researches the changes in the volume of U.S. oil production. The lifting of export restrictions led to a reduction in the volume of imported crude oil from abroad and a significant increase in the volume of exported petroleum products. Consequently, the United States became a net exporter of crude oil in 2019, which was reflected in the structure of the international crude oil trade. The last part described that demand and supply shock has started in the oil markets, and it has slowed the development of the shale revolution in the U.S. The reduction in the number of cases contributed to the partial unblocking of economic activity; however, the demand for petroleum products, including mainly for jet fuel, did not return to pre-pandemic levels. The coming months will show in which direction the further development of the shale revolution in the U.S. would go. This could largely depend on the potential development of the next wave of coronavirus.
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The nature of the EU's cybersecurity policy has been changed as a result of the evolution of the catalog of present-day threats. Hence, the European Union's activity in the cybersecurity area in recent years has begun to extend beyond strictly business and economic aspects to include the defense sphere as well. The EU institutions engaged in building safe cyberspace, both within the European area and the global cooperation on cybersecurity. The subject matter of research is the current EU cyber security policy - its determinants and nature. The author aimed to explain the reasons for the engagement of EU institutions in cybersecurity policy during the last five years: the Union's authority in the cybersecurity domain, the development of the digital market and its impact on the Union's low-carbon economy, and the Union's aspirations to broaden the framework of the Common Security and Defence Policy by incorporating cyber defence aspect. The second goal of the article was to describe the shape of the EU cybersecurity policy. The study examined the EU's ability to create a cyber policy after the Lisbon Treaty, EU economic growth priorities in relation to safe cyberspace, the connection between cybersecurity aspects and the so-called European Green Deal, and cyber defence issues under the Common Security and Defence Policy. To achieve the above-mentioned aims, the author used mainly qualitative methods: legal analysis, process tracking method and decision-making method.
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Republic of South KoreaThe article tries to show the increasingly important role of the Republic of Korea and the East Asia region in the foreign and economic policy of the Republic of Poland. The study tried to prove that the region of East Asia, especially the Republic of Korea, is beginning to play an increasingly important role in Poland's foreign policy and Polish decision-makers are beginning to move the region and this country higher on the list of active foreign policy priorities. This policy aims mainly to activate and increase trade, open new markets and cooperate in the acquisition and development of new technologies. In the context of economic cooperation, the paper pays special attention to the enormous potential of Korea and the East Asia region in the field of innovation, research and development of new technologies. The cooperation platform remains for mutual investments in areas such as the electronics industry, production in the field of electromobility, high-speed railways, transport and aviation infrastructure, nuclear electricity, military and shipbuilding industry, and on the Polish side, the pharmaceutical, cosmetics, food and computer games industries. In addition, the article deals with the challenges that this economic cooperation has to face. The lack of educated brands of products associated with Poland, staff shortages (lack of language qualifications and cultural competences), geographical distance, high costs of running a business, reluctance or lack of capital opportunities to incur long-term costs related to product promotion are the main challenges for the Polish entrepreneur.
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Religion has often been an ignored dimension of statecraft, particularly so by realist or neorealist schools. This article explores the question of how a number of states, in which all or a considerable part of the population is Muslim, incorporate Islam as a guiding principle into their broader foreign policy. In this regard, it reviews a selected number of foreign policy cases using individual, domestic and international levels of analysis in which diverse Islamic incentives from major theoretical perspectives interplay with foreign policy. Its ultimate objective is to provide a deeper synthesis of the literature on Islam in foreign policymaking and relating it to major IR theories.
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Specialised translations in the field of public services are needed in more and more countries due to immigration, which contributes to the integration of minorities into the country of adoption. In this article, a brief overview of the general translation methods and technique swill be made, including examples of applying the most appropriate solutions in the sphere of public translations, from Spanish to Romanian, given the large number of Romanians currently living in Spain.
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The debate around democratic backsliding in Central and Eastern Europe focuses on changes in formal rules that weaken the rule of law by populist right-wing leaders. However, this paper argues that the concept of democratic backsliding has limited explanatory value and overemphasizes formal institutions. Instead, a broader view, taking political and economy power into account, should be adopted: It allows for a conceptualisation of democratic backsliding as the result of the dominance of elites on state structures and the merging of political and private interests. The concept of state capture provides a suitable theoretical framework for this approach and reveals different strategies employed by elites, namely party and corporate state capture that undermine the independence of democratic institutions in the region. The example of the Czech Republic under former Prime Minister Babiš underpins the argument that the debate around democratic backsliding overlooks the risks of corporate state capture, which finds expression in high levels of corruption and the concentration of vast economic, political and media power.
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The innovation fields of municipalities are based on the creation of added value for the local population by creating a portfolio of digital implementation projects as a "proof of concept".The Objective of the research project is focussed on answers to the questions of Strategies on multi-time acceptable and responsible governance standards in a portfolio of data-based, bureaucracy-reducing and trend-based topics.The Prior work serves the elements of Open Data, Public Value Modeling, Business Process Optimization, Public Corporate Responsibility and Digital Leadership in a holistic orientation question of municipal departments.The Approach are adjusting screws in the interaction of control options from the spectrum of local governance. Between different surveys there are relationships and effects.The Results show that basic prerequisites at the level of values, competencies and management are necessary in order to effectively implement targeted instruments of digital transformation in everyday life. Transparency tools and creativity technology support the introduction of targeted governance.The Implications of this interdisziplinary project should give an impact to academics in the public management and data sciences as well as specialists of leadership and strategic management. For practioneers and leaders of municipalities the possibilities of wise governance should get visual.The Value of the paper lies in the direction of the tension between stable efficiency measures and visionary holisticness of adoption capability of ambiguous requirements in the public sector.
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