Ivaras Aasenas ir naujosios norvegų rašytinės kalbos kilmė

Author(s): Stephen J. Walton / Language(s): English Issue: 83/2010

Norvegas Ivaras Aasenas (Osen, 1813–1896) buvo iš tų kultūros veikėjų, kurie XVIII–XIX a. Europoje domėjosi valstiečių tarmėmis ir jų pagrindu siūlė kurti naujas ar gaivinti tautines kalbas. I. Aaseno intelektinę brandą lėmė tai, kad jis augo nuošalioje kaimo bendruomenėje, kuri jau nuo XVIII a. pabaigos puoselėjo itin intensyvią literatūrinę veiklą, o gana daug šios bendruomenės narių priklausė ilgesnes negu šimto metų raštingumo tradicijas turinčioms šeimoms. Taigi jau ankstyvasis mokymas stiprino jo įsitikinimą, kad norvegų valstiečių tarmės tėra paviršius, po kuriuo slypi bendra sistema, t. y. nekodifikuota tautinė kalba. Iš pradžių I. Aasenas siekė suvienodinti vyraujančią rašto kultūrą, bet vėliau jis sumaniai pritaikė savo tikslams pagrindinių tautinio romantizmo skelbėjų idė- jas, gyvavusias XIX a. viduryje. Savo galutinį siekį – naujos ir visuotinai priimtinos rašytinės kalbos sukūrimą – jis derino su tuometinių kultūros veikėjų norais atgaivinti senąją valstiečių kalbą. Jo sumanymas sulaukė ir finansinės, ir moralinės paramos, tad naujųjų laikų Europoje I. Aasenas tapo vienu pirmųjų valstybės išlaikomų intelektualų. Viešumoje I. Aasenas prisiėmė valstiečio-intelektualo vaidmenį, o tai, nors ir skamba paradoksaliai, leido jam dalyvauti platesnėse kultūros sferose. Apskritai, I. Aaseno nuopelnai siejami ne tik su praktinės ir rašytinės kalbos normos kūrimu – jis yra pirmasis literatūrinę ir estetinę vertę turinčių ta kalba sukurtų tekstų autorius. Didžiausio pasisekimo sulaukė poezija ir pjesės, nors jam neblogai sekėsi rašyti ir esė. Daugelį metų I. Aaseno darbai ir nuopelnai buvo nepagrįstai pamiršti, ir tik pastaraisiais metais susidomėjimas jo veikla gerokai išaugo. Nuo 1996-ųjų, paskelbtų Ivaro Aaseno metais, parengtos bent trys išsamios kalbininko biografijos. Praėjus dar ketveriems metams jo gimtinėje atidarytas muziejus, o susidomėjimas Ivaro Aaseno veikla ir toliau nemažėja. Jo darbai dabar yra politikos ir kalbos filosofijos objektas, o artėjant 2013-iesiems, kai bus minima Ivaro Aaseno 200 metų gimimo sukaktis, dėmesys, tikėtina, tik stiprės.

The power of writing: resistance in Maya Angelou’s Visit to the Dentist

Author(s): Fernanda Luísa Feneja / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2016

“I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings” (1970) is the first of Maya Angelou’s autobiographical volumes. A recount of her personal life, the book is a testimony of racism in southern society and a statement of both the possibilities and the limits of resisting and fighting it. “Visit to the Dentist” is one of its chapters that have been published autonomously as a short story. The narrative cohesion of “Visit to the Dentist”, together with its structure and language, make it representative of Angelou’s writing pattern in terms of autobiography. This article sets out to examine how autobiographical writing is exploited both for political and for aesthetic purposes, and how this short story in particular illustrates Angelou’s canonical characteristics – thematically, artistically and as protest.

WHAT HAPPENED to our difference? Howard Jacobson’s J

Author(s): Wit Pietrzak / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2016

The essay explores Howard Jacobson’s latest novel “J” with a view to demonstrating that the homogenous society that is depicted in it functions on the principle of exclusion of difference and repression of individuality. It is claimed here that the novel plays with the conventions of the genre of postapocalypse in order to emphasize that what constitutes the core of humanity is our capacity for embodying and expressing difference even though that difference at the same time remains a crucial reason behind our predicament.

Danų asmenvardžių ypatumai

Author(s): Birutė Spraunienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 84/2011

The paper gives a concise overview of the traditions of Danish personal names and giving them to people in Denmark in accordance with the Danish legislation. When discussing the types of Danish personal names, most attention is given to the specific category of a middle name by highlighting the function of this type of personal names characteristic of Scandinavian languages and its differences from more usual categories of names and surnames.

The Church of England as an Example of Democratization of a Religious Organization

Author(s): Grzegorz Omelan / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2017

Mit Smoleńska w piśmiennictwie polskim XVII wieku – przypadek Jana Kunowskiego

Author(s): Maciej Nawrocki / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4 (41)/2016

The study analyses several selected poetic works by Jan Kunowski (ca. 1592–1654) related to the city of Smolensk and the war between the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Muscovy (1632–1634), also referred to as the Smolensk War. Using this case study, the author presents the Smolensk’s place in the political awareness of the contemporary Polish nobility and discusses some themes exploited by modern propaganda devoted to this event.Having a general sketch of the “myth of Smolensk” (that is the Polish narrative on this city before the war) as the starting point allows a deepened interpretation of Kunowski’s poems concerning the conflict alone, in which the representation of the city and the topics used by the poet change substantially. Thanks to individual interpretations the author exposes characteristic crucial points of the narrative and demonstrates how they work on two levels: of the propaganda and the myth.

Wystąpinie uhonorowanej tytułem doktora honoris causa Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego prof. Marii Delaperriere

Author(s): Maria Delaperrière / Language(s): Polish Issue: 30/2016

Nieśmiertelność tekstu i śmiertelność lektury (Rzecz o Genetyce tekstów Pierre’a-Marca de Biasiego)

Author(s): Bartłomiej Starnawski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 31/2017

The purpose of this essay is to read, describe and evaluate, from the critical metaperspective, the ideas and concepts contained in the work Génétique des textes by Pierre-Marc de Biasi.

Апофтегма 1702 в славянската традиция

Author(s): William R. Veder,William Veder / Language(s): Bulgarian,Old Slavonic,Old Bulgarian Issue: 2/2017

The only apophthegm attributed to St John Chysostom, badly preserved in Greek, is attested in full in the Slavonic translation, which has a rich tradition. It forms ch. G of the Scete Patericon (and hence unit 1 of the Scaliger Patericon, both in its long and its abridged version), ch. 1 or 2 of the Izmaragd, both in its long and short version (and hence in the Zlatoust); it is also used to fill empty space in manuscripts. The collation shows that it was transmitted both from Glagolitic and from Cyrillic antigraphs and even from memory (witness L).

Значение одного слова и текст новгородской грамоты на бересте № 199

Author(s): Albena Stamenova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2017

The Novgorod birch bark document № 199 is among the most famous ones. Its author, a boy called Onfim, sends his greetings to someone called Danila. Next to the text, the boy drew a picture depicting a beast and accompanied it with an inscription. The article suggests a new reading of this inscription that offers the possibility to see the image and all the texts in this document as an integrated semantic unit.

Съществителни имена със суфикс -ьнёкъ (-енёкъ) в повестта „Варлаам и Йоасаф“ по среднобългарския препис НМРМ 3/14 от втората половина на XIV в.

Author(s): Monia Camuglia / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2017

This article is part of a broader research project on the classification of models of noun word-formation. The article focuses on the analysis of the word-formation model with the suffix -üí¸êú (-åí¸êú). This is the most productive formant for the formation of masculine nouns, more specifically of personal names in a Middle Bulgarian manuscript copy of the Legend of Varlaam and Josaphat from the 14th century (NMRM 3/14). The result of the analysis demonstrates that this copy of the Legend displays formally different word-formation units that link it, on one hand, to the tradition of the Old Bulgarian manuscripts as well as to the Old Bulgarian translated and original works, while on the other hand it significantly enlarges our understanding of the derivational possibilities of the suffix -ÜÍHÊÚ (-ÅÍHÊÚ) in the Middle Bulgarian literature of the 14th century.

Надписът от манастира „Св. Йоан Богослов“ (Касинец) край Враца

Author(s): Svetozar Angelov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2017

The occasion for this research note is the final identification of an extensive mural inscription situated on the rocks the large cave in the monastery Kasinets near the Bulgarian town of Vratsa (Nord-West of Bulgaria). In previous publications the particular text was deciphered incompletely and remained unclear. In the beginning of 2016 I was able to identify precisely this text in six Slavic manuscripts from the 15th century. This allowed me to propose a new, more accurate reading of the inscription. It is an extract from a poem by Constantinople Patriarch German of Constantinople (probably German II, 1223–1240) that belongs to the monastic tradition of the popular poetic genre èñ\íïò. The inscription of the monastery “St. John the Evangelist” Kasinets is unconventional and in this stage remains without parallels in Bulgarian Cyrillic epigraphy for the time being.

Locul frazeologismelor cu elemente arhaice în limba română contemporană

Author(s): Liliana Trinca / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2016

The aim of our research is to investigate the phraseological units concerning time which contain in their structure different categories of archaisms (lexical; phonetic; grammatical; semantic and derivational) and historicisms. The possibility of archaic elements to be component parts of phraseological units involves the distinguishing features of these expressions: polilexity; reproducibility; stability; idiomaticity; complexity and expressiveness

Universals in the Syntax of Cardinal – Noun Constructions

Author(s): Mihaela Tănase-Dogaru / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2013

The present paper analyzes cardinal numerals in a number of unrelated languages, i.e. Semitic, Bantu, Formosan, Romance, Slavic with a view to showing that there is crosslinguistic variation between the syntactic behavior of lower numerals and the syntactic behavior of higher numerals. In Romanian, lower numerals are those with values between 1 and 19, while higher numerals are those with values from 19 onwards. In this respect, the paper can be considered a revival of Corbett’s universals (1978) and a refutation of uniform treatments of cardinals. The paper shows that lower and higher numerals cross-linguistically are best analyzed in terms of different syntactic structures. The syntactic structure for lower numerals is that of specifier-head while the syntactic structure for higher numerals is that of head-complement. The arguments in favor of this analysis come from the domains of case-assignment. In this respect, ‘de’- ‘of’ with higher cardinals in Romanian is seen as a Genitive case-assigner, while morpho-syntactic plurality is present on the quantified noun.

Globalization – Direct and Indirect Effects on Terminologies

Author(s): Mariana Bara / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2012

The rapid globalization in the second half of the 20th century, promoting a certain set of material and monetary values, left deep imprints not only on the economic life, but also on the cultural phenomena, including terminology. The uniform distribution and the generalized use of some concepts, ideas and values, are imposing trends in communicational behaviours and – for this reason – a certain level of standardization. One can describe the effects of this process on Romanian terminologies both in terms of formal equivalents in different languages, and in a semantic and pragmatic perspective. The adapted neologisms and the generalized use of lexical structures of English origin, the wide spread of Anglicisms are direct effects. One of the indirect effects is the current standardization of terminologies and of definitions in sciences (including the political ones), but also in trade, services, industry or electronic communication.

Пределы комичного и языковая игра

Author(s): Sergey Popov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 01/2018

The article is devoted to the study of the limits of comical things and their connection with the language game. Analysis of the positions of philosophical, aesthetic and linguistic concepts shows that scientists recognize the connection of the comic with a violation of the norm, but cannot explain why the violation of the norm is not always comical. The article attempts to solve the theoretical problem of the ambiguity of the notion of the extent of the comic as a boundary, beyond which the comic ceases to be itself and, as a consequence, ceases to be an essential feature of the language game. Comicality implies such violation of the norm that does not go beyond the expected violations, and it is within these limits that the comic is an essential feature of the language game. The comical things, implying a violation of the norm, which goes beyond the expected violations of it, cease to be comical, and the absence of the comic that is present in such a violation of the norm does not allow us to speak of a language game.

Altbulgarisch (aksl.) und ksl. prĕmetati „hintansetzen“

Author(s): Christoph Koch / Language(s): German Issue: 4/1987

К вопросу о синтаксических греко-славянизмах в древнерусском литературном языке

Author(s): Kapitolina Hodova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 4/1987

Словоредни особености в житието на Стефан Дечански от Григорий Цамблак и в Манасиевата хроника

Author(s): Maria Tihova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/1987

Verbalrektion im griechischen Evangelientext und die Balkanismen im Altbulgarischen

Author(s): Kiril Kostov / Language(s): German Issue: 4/1987