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The paper discusses the terminology referring to a Medieval dualist heresy known from several Byzantine and one Slavic literary monuments – the Phoundagiagitae. The comparison of the source texts (Epistula invectivà contra phundagiagitas sive bogomilos haereticos by Euthymius of the Periblepton, Contra messalianos by Euthymius Zigabenos, a mystagogical treatise by bishop Theodore of Andida, the Synodicon of the Church of Athens, the Palaea historica) and an analysis of the forms used in Church Slavonic for the Greek φουνδαδίται’ (and related forms) present two ways of adapting the Greek term in the Slavic translation of the Palaea (фоугдагиягисти and фоугдагиягити)
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The ability to understand each other is a precondition for coexistence and work that we cannot dispense with. In the European Union, where diversity is valued, one language cannot cover all communication needs. Multilingualism facilitates openness and tolerance but also provides for access to new markets and opens up new business opportunities. Nowadays, proficiency in multiple languages plays an important role in a person’s life and success. In the context of foreign language teaching, language policies of individual states play a significant role because they lay down the guidelines for educational systems according to which foreign language syllabuses and curriculums are created at all education levels.This paper examines the role of language policy and individual multilingualism and analyses their impact on enhancement of employment prospects in the European Union. The paper also looks at the significance of investments into foreign language learning with the aim to strengthen one’s competitiveness in the market as well as activities undertaken to encourage passive and active use of foreign languages in business. In addition, the paper gives recommendations that can help improve the success rate in multilingual business communication.
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Speech delay and developmental aphasia are units of abnormal speech and language development in a small child. Their fi rst symptoms can appear as early as at the beginning of the linguistic development, i.e. ca. at the age of 1, and can be quite similar. Differentiating between such units not seldom requires a long and meticulous speech assessment and a systematic observation of speech and language development dynamics in a child during the improvement process. It is a diffi cult task in particular for young and inexperienced speech therapists who are at the beginning of their career. This paper presents certain tips which could enable a more precise and correct diagnosis of children’s linguistic and extra-linguistic behaviours that are characteristic of such units.
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The aim of this paper is to describe the speech therapy procedure in the case of children with cleft lip and palate, with a particular focus on preventive measures. It discusses the elements of the procedure that could significantly influence the effects of the therapy in detail. Improperly selected exercises to train organs of speech or improve breathing will not bring satisfactory effects or can even intensify bad habits. Complying with the recommendations described in this paper is particularly important in the treatment of children with open nasality.
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