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Krytyka poznania w marburskiej szkole neokantyzmu: Hermanna Cohena ujęcie Platońskiego idealizmu w perspektywie Kantowskiej logiki transcendentalnej

Author(s): Anna Musioł / Language(s): Polish Issue: 57/2022

The article is an attempt to characterize Platonic idealism as interpreted by Hermann Cohen – founder and the same time a leading representative of Marburg school of Neo-Kantism. The course of analysis includes Cohen’s theses put forward in the epistemological work PlatonsIdeenlehre und die Mathematik. The postulates to which Cohen refers connect the reflection on classical idealism and the status of the Platonic idea with logical-mathematical reflection and the problem of sichere Hypothesis as a certain hypothesis. Defining the role of mathematics: arithmetic and geometry, becomes indispensable in understanding the idealism of both Plato and Kant. Both emphasize the importance of thought, logic of pure thinking, criticism as a path and character-shaping.The argumentation presented in the article, rooted in the historical and philosophical analyzes of the problem, in the summary is also an attempt to define the meaning of Platonic and Neo-Kantian idealism for contemporary scientific and philosophical issues.

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Rousseau, religia naturală și pietismul protestant

Author(s): Dragoș Dragoman / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2022

By the effort undergone for almost two centuries, religious revelation is withdrawn from the public sphere to the very heart of the believers. Faith does no longer mean obeying to the sacred rules of the Church, leading the Christians to the path of salvation, but to search for the Sacred inside ones heart. This move is essential for understanding how organized religion in Western Europe coped with the rational interpretation of scientific observable data. Whereas the Catholic Church had serious difficulties in integrating scientific knowledge into his overall framework for interpretation of the world, the Protestant churches adapted quicker, by strongly emphasizing inner feelings, as the genuine call for personal salvation. However, moving from organized religion to a purely subjective evaluation of religiosity was the decisive coup to both ontology and religion, which ended in a secular philosophy of science, strong pietism, and a metaphysics of morals.

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РЕЦЕНЗИЯ НА КНИГУ ОРЕЛЬЕНА ДЖИАНА HUSSERL ET L’HORIZON COMME PROBLÈME. UNE CONTRIBUTION A L’HISTOIRE DE LA PHENOMENOLOGIE Lille: Presses universitaires du Septentrion, 2021. ISBN-102757433296.

Author(s): KIRILL YAKOVLEV / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2022

In his book, Aurelien Djian investigates the history of the concept of horizon in the evolution of Husserl’s thought. Addressing the most fundamental concerns of phenomenology, Djian redefines the horizon considering themes such as coherence of experience, the reality of the world, and motivation. He suggests an approach to exploring the horizon grounded in a detailed analysis of Thing and Space lectures. A significant conclusion of Djians’s book is that the origin of the horizon should not be attributed to Ideas I, but to these lectures. This discovery is not only of historical significance, but also opens up a new perspective on relations between the world, the incompleteness of external experience, and the fluidity of attention. Djian denies Saulius Geniusas’ interpretation of “halo” and “background” as psychological opposites of the horizon, which functions in the domain of ontology. These phenomena are given as elements of experience temporarily left by attention, connected with actual ones. The consciousness of unfulfilled potentialities of experience ensures the coherence of experience, making the transition from actual to potential seamless. This paper covers Djian’s conclusions and part of his work that goes beyond the content of the book. We also try to contextualize Djian’s research and show the history of studies of the horizon in the philosophy of Edmund Husserl.

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Baruch Spinoza on Evil and an African Condition: a Philosophical Reflection

Author(s): Gladys Ogorure / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2022

This paper examines the problem of evil which has to do with the presence of pain, suffering, cruelty and wickedness in this world. The reality of evil is difficult to accept when we observe the presence of a God that is all powerful, all good: if God is all powerful then why not destroy evil immediately so all can rest? If God is all good then why tolerate what is not good? Does it mean God is not powerful enough or good enough? This is the logical problem of evil which we shall examine using Spinoza’s argument and an African condition. Our finding is that there is the evidential argument that seeks to convince us of a good God and a manageable world despite the uncontestable damaging presence of natural and moral evil across the earth. So we struggle to reconcile logic with reality. Since Spinoza removes God that is absolute, complete and perfect from evil that is finite, relative and a distraction and if true, then does it mean that what is evil may depend on how one sees it or who is affected? Can we say this for all categories of evil? We recommend a principled stand against evil through a definitional and contextual analysis that paves the way for a solution through key human values.

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On Speech as the Political Faculty in the Anthropocene. The Sensualities of Voice and Taste Combined

Author(s): Urszula Lisowska / Language(s): English Issue: 58/2022

The paper revises the idea of speech as a fundamental political faculty in response to the challenges of the Anthropocene. First, it is argued that, rather than as a subsystem of language, speech should be conceptualized as the expression of the embodied capacity of voice (in this respect, the paper follows Adriana Cavarero’s [2005] argument). Secondly, vocality is linked to the faculty of taste (understood as in Arendt’s reading of Kant) to locate politics in the broader order of materiality (physis). It is argued that the combination of these two sensualities can help us develop the idea of politics as an activity that is both specifically human and located in the broader order of materiality (the Earth system).

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Tra filosofia e teologia: l’aspetto “negativo” del concetto di persona alla luce della definizione di calcedonia e alcune sue ricadute antropologiche | Between philosophy and theology: the “negative” approach to the concept of person in the light of

Author(s): Giacomo Calore / Language(s): Italian Issue: 29/2022

The Gaudium et spes constitution teaches where the answer to all the questions about man is to be sought: in the Incarnate Word, in Jesus Christ, “the new Adam” (No. 22). The Constitution relates here to the councils which explored the mystery of Christ, including the Council of Chalcedon (451), thus indicating anthropological meaning of its definition of faith. This article, based on analyses of Alois Grillmeier and Adrian Măgdici, discusses modern philosophical issues in the definition of person and, as a solution, proposes its Christological distinction from the concept of nature introduced by the Chalcedon (person is not nature: two-level ontology) to draw from its “negative” approach certain anthropological conclusions, important for our modern Western civilization called “anthropocentric” precisely because it incorporated person and its key status from Christianity.

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Въображение на въображението и образ на образа: критико-херменевтични наблюдения

Author(s): Kristiyan Enchev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 6/2022

The article traces elements of the conceptual apparatus of Kant, Husserl and Heidegger, and their continuations find a response and reinterpretation in modern discussions. Kant's triple synthesis in the context of Heidegger's “Book of Kant” serves as a starting point for mastering structural connections – concepts such as “image object” and “image subject” find their place through Darin Tenev's understanding of imagination of the imagination and image of the image.

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Регресът на философското начало и Хегеловият кръг

Author(s): Lydia Kondova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 6/2022

The paper aims to present Hegel’s specific solution to the problem of beginning’s regression in the perspective of the crucial historical-philosophical inquiries of late 18th and early 19th centuries’ post-Kantian idealism. This historical background gives the opportunity to enrich the Hegelian doctrine of the circular philosophical system with the thesis of causality’s sublation in the reciprocal interdependence of developmental moments. The mutual justification of the starting point and the result, as well as of every grade in-between, provides a positive resolution of the epistemological skepticism, namely, by introducing it as an integral part of the dialectical progress-regression.

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Refleksja na kanwie badań ks. Stefana Ewertowskiego nad nauczaniem Jana Pawła II. Przyczynek do dyskusji o stanie i perspektywach studiów wojtyłologicznych

Author(s): Arkadiusz Modrzejewski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 22/2021

Rev. Stefan Ewertowski, the professor emeritus of theology is one of the most original researchers of the thoughts of John Paul II. He is characterized by an interdisciplinary approach, linking philosophical, theological, cultural, historical and political aspects. His works focus mainly on vision of Europe of Karol Wojtyła – John Paul II. Thanks to the interdisciplinary approach, Wojtyła’s image of Europe appears as a universal project in which the Christian axiology and the vision of man is centre.

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O przemienieniu naturalnym i nadnaturalnym ludzkiego ciała w antropologii Hansa-Eduarda Hengstenberga

Author(s): Józef Kożuchowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 22/2021

The article presents the problem of the natural and supernatural transformation of the human body according to Hans-Eduard Hengstenberg. This problem was considered in the following aspects: what is this transformation and what is it, what is its basis and sources, to what extent it is possible and how it is realized. The specificity of the supernatural transformation of the body is emphasized, resulting from its qualitative difference and superiority in relation to the natural transformation and from its further existence after death in the body as a manifestation of the spirit. Some analogies between the natural and supernatural transformation of the body are presented. The subject matter presented (especially the supernatural transformation) touches upon the field of theology, but Hengstenberg analyzed it philosophically, using the phenomenological-metaphysical method. At the end, specific areas of further research on the issue of corporeality in the works of this outstanding thinker are outlined.

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Osobowość chrześcijańska jako motor rozwoju dziejów. Ks. Franciszek Sawicki wobec historiozoficznych propozycji Thomasa Carlyle’a i zwolenników supremacji tłumu

Author(s): Jarosław Babiński / Language(s): Polish Issue: 18/2017

Undoubtedly, a veneration of the saints is essential for the life of the Church – inspiring the faithful to live a righteous life and making them aware of a given opportunities to turn their talents for the life of the Church. One of the most important Pomeranian thinkers of the interwar period, Father Franciszek Sawicki (1877 – 1952), understands holiness as constantly updating process of shaping human personality in the spirit of Christian axiology. Christian personality is the most important driving force behind the shaping and development of history. He considers Christian values as the factors affecting the development of human personality in such a way that they have a considerable impact on the development of human culture and the history of civilization. Thus, his personalistic, Christian vision turns into discussion between the extremely individualistic conception of Thomas Carlyle, Max Stirner and Gustave Le Bon, Karl Marx and José Ortega y Gasset, proponents of collectivism.

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Problem trwałości zachodniej cywilizacji a perspektywa nowej wizji Europy. Stanowisko Bertholda Walda

Author(s): Józef Kożuchowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 18/2017

Under a common title, the article presents two key issues as seen by the renowned German philosopher Berthold Wald. 1. Maintenance of the identity of European civilization, conditional upon a living memory of its spiritual sources: faith and reason. In this respect, the message of the philosopher of Padeborn is echoed in the thought of such eminent thinkers as Habermas, Pieper, or Ratzinger. In contrast, for Metz, critically appraised by Wald, there is only one fundamental source of the Western European civilization: Jerusalem, which symbolizes faith. 2. The question of the so-called new vision of Europe is presented, created by its contemporary makers, namely politicians. The vision entails a threat to the identity of the European civilization inits original meaning since it suggests a farewell to Christianity and endorsement of values which have an ambivalent nature. This vision is heavily marked by impaired comprehensionof reality, including the reality of man and his nature. It is associated with Kantian thought; it overlaps with the theory of constructivism, and it ultimately leads to relativism. Finally,the vision has its underpinnings in multiculturalism and secularism. From a broader perspective, the article shows the question of multiculturalism, presented by Wald in general terms,and the question of the „soul” of Europe, as understood by Pieper. Also, the article further specifies the issue of the so-called new values, introduced into European legislation, and also demonstrates that they are essentially anti-values.

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Предисловие к переводу статьи Ал. Кожева "Заметка о Гегеле и Хайдеггере". Заметка Кожева в себе и для себя

Author(s): Ivan Kurilovich / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2022

This article aims to contextualize and problematize Alexandre Kojève’s Note on Hegel and Heidegger, written in 1936 and unpublished during his lifetime, which is being introduced into Russian-language scholarship. A translation of the Note is published in the same issue with the permission of the copyright holders. This paper provides a general introduction to Kojève’s philosophy, illustrates possible reading strategies for Kojève and the place of the translated Note in his corpus of the philosopher’s texts, and describes the philosophical and historical circumstances of the text, namely that it was composed as an extension of a review on Tragische Existenz. Zur Philosophie Martin Heidegger by Alfred Delp written and published by Kojève that same year in Recherches philosophique. The article reconstructs the lines of reference that are essential to understanding Alexandre Kojève and provides a critique of certain statements. Finally, on the basis of an analysis of Kojève’s language, it offers a broader thesis on the epistemological problems of Kojève’s philosophy, the discovery of which led him to make a series of debatable statements in the philosophy of history (on the necessity for the philosopher to participate in the realization of the end of history), in anthropology (on the difference between people in their capacity to be philosophers or sages depending on a philosophical and religious attitude that is not entirely dependent on them), and in his decision to leave academia and turn to the ideological and diplomatic provision of economic integration of European states during the Cold War.

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Заметка о Гегеле и Хайдеггере

Author(s): Alexandre Kojève / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2022

Дельп действительно сравнивает Хайдеггера и Гегеля. И он даже говорит: «В значительной степени хайдеггеровское Dasein является лишь переносом (verendlichte Parallele) Гегеля в конечное» (Delp, 1935, 56, n. 41). К сожалению, Гегель продолжает быть для Дельпа «панлогистом», этой коварной выдумкой Шеллинга, которому почти удалось искоренить из истории философии подлинную гегелевскую мысль.

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Рецензия на книгу А.А. Медовой "Феноменология музыкального опыта"

Author(s): Andrei Patkul / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2022

In my review, I analyze the main theses of Anastasiya Medova’s monograph entitled Phenomenology of Musical Experience (2021). The author of the book raises the issue of what it is that we generally hear as music, as well as many directly or indirectly related other issues with regard to both the essence and the ontological status of music. According to her, it is only the phenomenological methodology that can provide an answer to these questions, which deals with the specifics of a musical object always in the context of the specifics of musical experience. Particular emphasis in the review is placed on the concept of reduction, as it is used in relation to music. It is designed to clear the experience of all elements not related to music as such, including sensitive shape-associations that often arise while listening to music. Another important point in the study of A.A.Medova is her posing of the question as to the regional nature of music and its possible correlation with the sphere of aesthetic in general. In this regard, I point out that the author of the monograph seeks to justify the irreducibility of music to the aesthetic sphere and that her solution of the problem of the possible regionality of music remains insufficiently determined. I also emphasize that one of the points of interest in the book is that Medova works with specific material, notably with the interpretation of significant works of musical art and the analysis of important theoretical statements about the essence of music.

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Metafizyka dziś

Author(s): Daniel Roland Sobota / Language(s): Polish Issue: 22/2022

According to the large number of mutually confirming diagnoses that began to appear in the second half of the twentieth century, we live today in a “society of the spectacle” in which the spectacle determines the dominant model of social life. The development of digital media has radicalised this situation to a far-reaching extent, without fundamentally changing its truth. Today we are only participants in a virtual show. This self-characterisation of the latest era in world history invokes, and radicalises too, the metaphor of the theatrum mundi. The central question of the article is whether, if the world is all game and untruth, metaphysics – which is supposed to be the domain of truth – is possible (and how). Today’s metaphysics can be variously understood, including ultimately as a metaphysics of the spectacle, in other words, as a metaphysics of the day. This could be a metaphysics of appearing and showing, a metaphysics of phenomenality, of the word, or phenomenological metaphysics. The reason I have highlighted the phenomenological approach is, first, the fact that the main theme in phenomenology is the appearance of that which appears and, second, the increasingly recurrent conviction that this appearance should be examined not purely “theoretically” but through specific, fully attentive and involved action that prevents the knower from assuming merely the passive position of a spectator (as was the case before). Knowing is a question of doing. This is why I see phenomenology, understood in this context as specific performative action, as best suited for addressing the metaphysical challenge of the spectacle-based nature of contemporary reality.

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Митология на загубата на красивото

Author(s): Sylvia Borissova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2023

The current paper is focused on the genealogy and the relevance of negative aesthetics as a distinct philosophical field and, in particular: 1) to draw a concept of the beautiful as a myth; then 2) to justify the need of a specific genealogy of loss of the beautiful, and, on this basis, 3) to bring out negative aesthetics in its main subject as a mythology of loss of the beautiful.

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Антифилософията на Лев Шестов

Author(s): Nina Dimitrova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2023

The text discusses specific features of Lev Shestov's philosophical style, highlighting the main accents in it – even with his first works, Shestov gained the reputation of a philosopher who denied philosophy. The following philosophical figures are discussed – the paradoxicalist, the groundless man, the anti-dogmatist and the anti-metaphysician, etc., emblematic of Shestov. Important facts from his biography are examined, the totality of which could be part of the explanation for the originality of his thought, one of which is the lack of an academic philosophical education. Other relevant facts are the ethnic background as well as unusual circumstances of his early years. Special attention is paid to the relationship between Shestov and Husserl regarding the understanding of philosophy (the main opposition is between the conception of philosophy as a reflection – Besinnung, and of philosophy as a struggle) – the main stages in these relations are traced chronologically. Finally, Shestov's opinion on Indian thought, which he began to get to know and deal with since 1934, is presented, and his dissatisfaction with this thought is also discussed.

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Философският живот на новото време

Author(s): Atanas Iliev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2023

The article of Atanas Iliev (1893–1985), published in 1934, discusses the change in the philosophical paradigm, notes the presence of the philosophy of life and comments on the figure of the philosopher of the new age.

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Онтологическата база на историята в теорията на Асен Игнатов

Author(s): Georgi Belogashev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2023

This article aims to point out Ignatov's heuristic approach in revealing the ontological status of history, the metaphysical factors and conditions for it to be as it is, as well as the specific position of man as an individual among these essential circumstances forming socio-historical reality and her history.Ignatov indicates these initial circumstances as material, spiritual and ideal, placed in a time-space discourse, and in relations with each other. The essence of history as such, and the history of social communities, is revealed through the oppositions individual/common, nature/history, spirit/history, man/genus, which, as interrelationships, reveal changes in social existence at a deeper ontological level.

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