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The publication touches morphological process of social and economic terms which are used in the community while connecting with transition to market economy. The article gives analysis the types of economic terms which are formed by morphological ways.
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Artykuł jest poświęcony nie tyle interpretacji Kronosa Witolda Gombrowicza, ile rozważaniu trudności interpretacji tej książki. Trudności te wynikają z niejasnego statusu genologicznego i ontologicznego tego tekstu, ponieważ nie jest pewne, czy jest on dziennikiem czy autobiografią, dokumentem czy literaturą. Ascetyczna poetyka wskazywałaby, że Kronos zawiera prawdę i tylko prawdę. Zdaniem autora artykułu, książka ta nie jest zbiorem czystych faktów, ale konstruktem stworzonym na pograniczu prawdy i fikcji, egzystencji i tekstów Witolda Gombrowicza. Jeśli Kronos przynosi jakieś fakty, to w każdym wypadku podlegają one interpretacji, co wyklucza ich jednoznaczność i oczywistość.
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A history of meaning of the term (in Polish) starts with synonymous significances to ‘memory,’ ‘commemoration’ and ‘reminiscence.’ Over the centuries the semantic scope was gradually evolving to the contemporary use exposing material connotations of the word: a keepsake means an object that refers to the past. Comprehended in this way, keepsakes might encompass family heirlooms, national memorials, relics, trophies, gifts (donated „in memory”) and tourist souvenirs. One should include to this enumeration – as relatively separated categories – medial keepsakes that are results of commemorative reification of a message and corporal keepsakes that relate to permament changes in body (tattoos, scars, etc.). Every approach places a keepsake in a context of time, past and memory. A stuff has the characteristics of a keepsake as long as it takes an emotional attitude to the past. Generally, keepsakes belong to orders of private or collective memory and can move between them. It also means that in appriopriate circumstances keepsakes can migrate from category to category: e.g. some of trivial souvenirs can increase their value in time and became estimable family heirlooms; in turn some of family heirlooms can be promoted to the status of venerable national memorial.
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The author analyzes one of the most well-known books of Peter Sloterdijk, Kryształowy pałac (In the World Interior of Capital: Towards a Philosophical Theory of Globalization). He notes that Sloterdijk is representing non-academic philosophy. From this perspective the German intellectual is examining consequences of the process of globalization. Additionally, the book documents leftist engagement to solving key questions of modernity. According to the author of the article, interpretations provided by the philosopher are also important for the description of the culture and literature of the borderland.
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The author of the text analyzing a book entitled Bielik-Robson. Żyj i pozwól żyć [Bielik-Robson. Live and let live] – a conversation with Agata Bielik-Robson conducted by Michał Sutowski. She describes the influence of the academic work of the philosopher on constructing her auto/biography. Autobiographical narrative – in which the most important part is the experience of the generation of martial law – is confronted with the conception of modern subjectivity proposed by Bielik-Robson and the philosophical phenomenon of ‘the anxiety of influence’ related to this phenomenon. In the text the author defends the thesis that thephilosophical attitude is not only the base for auto/biography, but also defines the worldview of the philosopher, which means it also defines the way of perceiving the surrounding reality and the rules of being in it.
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The author of the text draws particular attention to the place the book Czy w tej autobiografii jest kobieta? Kobieca literatura dokumentu osobistego od początku XIX wieku do wybuchu II wojny światowej occupies in contemporary research on women’s autobiography. She notes that women’s literature of personal document is not yet sufficiently discussed by the Polish feminist literary criticism. Anna Pekaniec takes a comprehensive attempt to examine women’s autobiographical texts in historical and literary perspective and as a main goal focuses on presenting and describing the characteristics of women’s autobiography, as well as outputing a proposal for a definition or systematization of phenomena typical for women’s autobiographical documents. The author of the text points at the innovation of the thesis – for the first time the issue of women’s intimate journaling was raised on such a wide scale, indicating the directions in familiar and unfamiliar texts, expanding the research field for female representatives of different backgrounds, of different social status.
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The article is about Dom na Rozdrożu by Ewa Bieńkowska and concerns problems with contemporary female autobiography written ‘inside family.’ The author of the article interprets this flashback narration, which is actually autobiographical essay, by posing questions about such issues as: family relations – especially cultural and social discourses of female family connections – also individualism, subjectivity, emancipation and experiences of performing family members as well as in private space.
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The subject of the article is work by Bożena Karwowska The Second Sex in Exile. Experience the Story of Migration in the Postwar Polish Writers, established as a result of long study of the different variations and works of women’s writing in exile and is a successful attempt to systematize the problems of exile in the work of women. The article indicated that the starting point for discussion by the researcher of the migration experience in the work of postwar Polish writers is the thesis with clear differences between exile stories of men and women. The article noted that the book by Bożena Karwowska is marked by a strong feature of the individual, for it is written from the perspective of an immigrant. The work fills an important gap in the research literature of exile, points to new perspectives of its reading, using the latest research achievements of feminism and postcolonial studies.
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The presented article is a text of the book by Sławomir Buryła entitled Tematy (nie)opisane. This monograph by a literary historian from Olsztyn focuses on analyzing three significant motifs appearing in publications about the Holocaust. As the title ‘topics (un)described,’ that is ones which still demand literary scholars’ detailed reflection, Buryła recognizes: the history of the Jewish ‘Kolumbowie’ – ‘young Jews and Poles of Jewish descent who during the war squared up to fight with the Nazi death machine’; ‘the New Eldorado’ – the literary theme of seizing Jewish possessions and Jewish gold; ‘the portrait of the torturer’ – showing the theme of the Nazi murderer in Polish prose written between 1939 and 1989.
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The subject of the text is a publication by Agnes Nęcka Intimate emigrations. On Polish contemporary autobiographic narratives. Various models of emigration experience were indicated in the text. All were characterised in the publications by the author who has studied the works by Zygmunt Haupt, Zbigniew Kruszyński, Manuela Gretkowska, Artur Leczycki, Mikołaj Łoziński, Tomasz Piątek, Michał Witkowski and Magdalena Tulli and on this basis has categorised the emigration as real, literary and biographical. It has also been noticed that autobiographical attempts made by the authors, listed by Agnieszka Nęcka, characterized by strangeness, feeling of rejection and building a separate identity on the exile, perform auto therapeutic functions. The publication was recognized valid in the research on contemporary Polish emigration literature.
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The article deals with the Teodor Parnicki’s Diaries from the eighties, which are a document of thelast period his life and artistic work. A subject of the article is functions of the diary of the writer (among others the diary as the chronicle of artistic work, form of therapy and kind of bookkeeping) and Teodor Parnicki’s ratio to the history of the eighties visible in his diary. Diaries from the eighties are reading as a kind somatext, which body and writing are inseparably connected. The aim of article is to show, firstly, Parnicki was addicted to writing, which was necessary for his project of identity as author of historical novels and secondly, relationship between writing and somatic subject, focused on experience old age, illness and alcohol addiction.
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Umarł mi. Notatnik żałoby by Inga Iwasiów is under many respects a book related to the acclaimed Matka odchodzi by Tadeusz Różewicz. Both reports are very personal, carefully avoid cultural clichés, getting around the funereal literary canon. They describe passing away as a transitive action experienced by those who outlive the dying one. Notwithstanding the fact that they both givea detailed account of the personal situation – indeed: each individual, alone, must find a way too verwork mourning – Umarł mi by Iwasiów and Matka odchodzi by Różewicz sketch a universalpsychological portrait of a human being vis a vis last things. Yet, we must remark that as a scholarpreviously specialized in inexpressibility Iwasiów is in this book outspoken.
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The article concerns problems of materiality in Ślady nieobecności. Poszukiwanie Ireny Szelburg [Traces of Absence. In Search for Irena Szelburg] by Anna Marchewka. The author of the article reveals originality of Marchewka’s biographical practice interpreting records of material experience, spatial experience and photographic ekphrasis. The main feature of this new mode of biographical writing is the stress on physical, somatic aspect of biographer’s experience, which indicates different kind of epistemology – embodied, engaging body as much as mind and emotions.
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The cognitive semantic research into spatial prepositions has focused on their polysemous nature and the coherence of cognitive categories they constitute. At the same time, the question of their categorical status has not yet been resolved causing disagreement about their membership in the content or function word group. The present corpus-based study investigates the semantic structure of the English spatial preposition at regarded as a typically English preposition not present in other languages. The investigation attempts to establish the primary sense of the preposition and to find motivating principles behind the individual senses. For the purpose of the study, 2168 linguistic items extracted from the British National Corpus and containing the preposition were analyzed yielding 18 distinct senses and one group of miscellaneous expressions. The research suggests that the semantic structure of the preposition at is best seen as a semantic network with the primary sense functioning as a prototype and other related senses as more peripheral extensions. The research reveals that the polysemy of the preposition at is relatively extensive and that the word at does not belong to morphological categories other than the prepositional one.
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The autoress analyses differences and ambiguities about Croatian and Polish word order in their grammars or media. In both languages there are no precise rules about order of subordinate words in sentences, which causes ambiguit meanings. The paper consists of 4 parts: 1. description of word order in Croatina grammars; 2. description of word order in Polish grammars; 3. ambiguities during communication in Polish and Croatian media; 4. as a result of this research the autoress shows 10 rules that should be considered in the sentences without ambiguities or mistakes.
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Critics of the standardisation of the Irish language argue that the “modernisation” of the Irish orthography has been detrimental to the preservation of the various dialects that form native spoken Irish. The effects of standardisation on Irish consequently form an important precedent for language standardisation. The potential alienation of a language’s native speakers is an outcome of standardisation that is obviously destructive for a language community that exists in a minority. The issues that surround the movement for a standardised Plattdeutsch are similar to those faced in the standardisation of Modern Irish. Since the recognition by the European Union of Low German (Plattdeutsch) as a regional language in 1998, there has been newfound momentum in the movement for its reestablishment as a unified language of Northern Germany. One of the great difficulties of this movement however is the lack of any universal orthography due to the separate nature of the language’s dialects. Given the sociolinguistic similarities of these two (albeit unrelated languages), a study of the effects of the standardisation of Irish is useful for an assessment of the possibility of a standardised Plattdeutsch.
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The article analyses the word-formation models (WFM) of the nomina habitatorum in Bulgarian and Czech. The term WFM is very similar to, but not conterminous with, the concept of word-formation type (WFT) as defined by Miloš Dokulil. WFT is understood here as superordinate in relation to WFM. WFT is defined by the same set of properties as WFM but differs from the latter according to the character of the formant; while in FM the character is physical (formal, based on sound), in WFT the character of the formant is functional and structural. The formant assigns the derivative to affixation, paradigmatic or composition word-formation pattern. As lexemes naming a person in accordance with a particular place, the nomina habitatorum constitute a subcategory within the word-formation category of nouns of belonging (nomina pertinentia). The word-formation meaning of nomina habitatorum can be represented by the paraphrase “X belongs to Y,” where X is a person and Y – a place in a broad sense.
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