Nyelvi ideológiák kisebbségben

Author(s): Gergely Szabó,Nikolett Szabó,Áron Kőszegi / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 2/2024

Critical sociolinguistics with a qualitative approach seeks to explore the background of language-related social issues. Such issues include, for example, the systems of ideas that shape contemporary public thinking, especially when it comes to language choice in minority contexts. The paper compares three such contexts: the context of a diasporic group (Hungarians in Catalonia, Spain), the young adults of an indigenous minority (Hungarians in Csallóköz, Žitný ostrov, Slovakia), and the media representation of sexual minorities in Hungary. The comparison is based on three separate studies with a qualitative and explorative orientation conducted by one of the authors each. These studies examined the language ideologies of late modernity and global capitalism that the literature identifies as discourses of pride and profit. We argue that speakers’ narratives on their language choice are permeated by the concept of profit in a way that pride is no longer evidently associated with authenticity.

Od porozumění textu k rozvoji empatie

Author(s): Jasňa Pacovská / Language(s): Czech Issue: 2/2023

The goal of this paper is to show the possibilities that cognitive-cultural approach to language offers to the topic of text comprehension in education. Within the meaning of the latter, comprehension is taking a direction from factual information of the text to the focus on value orientation and ethical attitudes, and, subsequently, towards the development of empathy. Comprehension is associated with written as well as with spoken texts. Both modalities are interconnected by way of pedagogical dialogue that accompanies the reading of literary texts; prose in the genre of fantasy stories offers a big potential in primary education. A specific example of text illustrates a situation in which children access empathy through the story, which helps them to come to terms with their own problems, and also helps them to see the world from the viewpoint of others.

„За декадентите по-нататък“: българската литература в сп. „Славянский мир“

Author(s): Tilde Geerardyn,Raymond Detrez / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 31/2023

The Russian literary periodical Slavyanskij mir appeared 14 times between December 1908 and May 1911. It functioned as a vehicle for the progressive wing of the neoslavic movement on the eve of the First World War, but also aimed to inform its readers about the cultural life, and especially the literature, of the Slavic peoples. Bulgarian literature plays a limited but remarkable role in Slavyansky mir. Instead of great classical writers like Ivan Vazov, young modernist writers like Pencho Slaveykov, Ivan Andreychin, and Petko Yu. Todorov are well represented. This peculiar selection mainly shows the hand of Sirak Skitnik, a student of graphic arts in Saint Petersburg who was closely acquainted with the symbolist movement in Bulgaria. Most translations at the time are done by Alexander Shishmanov, a student of Arab languages with a special interest in contemporary literature. The contributions by Skitnik and Shishmanov reinforced the progressive quality of the periodical.

Приносът на Йозеф Юнгман за изграждането на чешкия книжовен език

Author(s): Emiliya Makedonska / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 31/2023

The era of Czech National Revival took place between 1770 and 1850. This was the time of formation and affirmation of Czech science. Language was considered as a mark of the nation. J. Jungmann continued the work of J. Dobrovsky. However, in practice he diverged from Dobvrovsky’s classic concept of literary language. J. Jungmann’s views on literary Czech language are a continuation of the efforts of the first generation of Czech revivals. Jungmann’s work, as well as that of his followers, can be considered as a stage in which the social possibilities of the Czech language expand through a complete transformation of the language system.

Constructions agrammatisées mono- et polysynonymiques dans les romans de San-Antonio

Author(s): Anastasiia Lepetiukha / Language(s): French Issue: 1/2024

In this research, mono- and polysynonymic constructions are considered as transforms of a virtual primary syntagm or proposition which are actualised in the form of grammaticalised (conventional in language and discourse) and typical (non-conventional in language and conventional in discourse) and atypical (non-conventional in language and in discourse) agrammaticalised co(n)textually pertinent preferential options. In grammaticalised utterances, expression prevails over expressiveness, while in agrammaticalised structures, expressiveness predominates over expression. In this article, the procedure of inverse reconstruction (discourse → language) of the primary structure is used. An "alternative" linguistic experiment is conducted, consisting of the replacement of a synonymic utterance by another in a discursive fragment that is analysed in order to justify the co(n)textual pertinence of the preferential option. During the research, typical and atypical agrammaticalised mono- and polypredicative quantitatively equacomponential, redundant, and compressed structures and bi and polysynonymic bi- and polyagrammaticalised preferential options (typical/atypical agrammatisation + typical/atypical agrammatisation) at the level of a syntagm or utterance are distinguished. It is revealed that in the novels of San-Antonio, monosynonymic atypical agrammaticalised utterances predominate. It is concluded that the actualisation of typical and atypical mono- and polypredicative mono- and polysynonymic agrammaticalised constructions, the result of the transformation of morphologically, syntactically and semantically balanced primary structures, where the predominance of expressiveness over expression sometimes leads to dissyntaxy, is one of the idiostylistic features of San-Antonio, who uses ludic strategies to facilitate or complicate the identification of his communicative intention and the interpretation of the information by the reader.

ЛИНГВОМЕТОДИЧКИ ТЕКСТОВИ У НАСТАВИ СРПСКОГ ЈЕЗИКА У ЧЕТВРТОМ РАЗРЕДУ (МЕТОДИЧКИ АСПЕКТ)

Author(s): Simona Kanjevac / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2018

It is commonly and methodically functional to introduce the grammar of linguistic phenomena through the analysis of the starting or the linguistic text. In addition to having to be saturated with a certain language appearance, such texts sometimes needed to link content from different areas of Serbian language teaching. In this paper, we refer to the so-called related language textbooks found in grammar textbooks in the fourth grade of elementary school. These texts were studied from the point of view of the methodological principles and requirements, but also of the linguistic knowledge on which grammar and spelling is taught. The aim of the research was to determine the nature and function of the related linguistic texts and to present them in the selected textbooks for grammar teaching, as well as to determine the quality of a supporting methodology device that should link the concrete text and the definition of the concept.

99 anni di lessicografia bilingue italiano-ceca, ceco-italiana

Author(s): Luca Palmarini / Language(s): Italian Issue: 1/2024

The article aims to analyse the first 99 years of Italian-Czech, Czech-Italian bilingual lexicography, from its origins, dated 1890, up to 1989, the year of the fall of Communism in Czechoslovakia. After having briefly introduced the literary and linguistic relationships of Bohemia and Moravia with the Italian peninsula, the paper focuses on the lexicographic ones, starting with some references to the multilingual dictionaries in which Czech and Italian are present, then moving on to the path of history of Italian-Czech, Czech-Italian bilingual dictionaries and its lexicographic analysis. The analysis is in a diachronic key; the methodology adopted is of a comparative nature, with references to lexicultural elements, also in relation to other coeval bilingual dictionaries. The results obtained have allowed the reconstruction of the history of the first 99 years of the bilingual lexicography in question, the identification of two phases (1890-1940; 1945-1989), and the highlighting of the purposes of the individual works and some of their lexicographic characteristics and contents that allow us to characterise them in "dictionaries" and "small dictionaries". The research shows that the initial path of Italian-Czech, Czech-Italian bilingual lexicography is significantly influenced by the German model that was dominant at date. Several factors (the minor role of the Czech language, the lack of an independent state until 1918, and the end of the communist regime) have resulted in the prevalence of works of meagre content; only a few are real dictionaries. However, the unidirectional works confirm the continuous interest of the Czech community in the Italian language.

Les expressions verbales avec la gueule dans le corpus French Web 2020 (Sketch Engine)

Author(s): Lucia Ráčková / Language(s): French Issue: 1/2024

This paper focuses on verbal expressions with la gueule as an object. As part of slangology and identity studies, for this comparative linguistic analysis two similarly distributed expressions in the web corpus of current French have been chosen: (se) bourrer la gueule and (se) péter la gueule. To elaborate on the meanings of these expressions, the corpus linguistics method with the help of the Sketch Engine software was used, focusing on both dictionaries and pragmalinguistic meanings. Applying the inverted pyramid principle, three blogs with the most slang verbal expressions were selected as the main research area. Given that blogs are a new form of digital writing, characterised by topicality and a strong anchoring of the linguistic identity of individuals, it was decided to use blogs for the purposes of the research. The research found that the lexemes (se) bourrer la gueule and (se) péter la gueule are not limited to blogs, but can be found within commercial and entertainment sites as well. Moreover, in addition to many semantic variations of these two expressions found in dictionaries, speakers very often associate (se) bourrer la gueule with getting drunk and (se) péter la gueule with hitting/breaking your face. Another meaning for se bourrer la gueule which can be observed in the language of bloggers is to give one's opponents a hard time. The other meanings of (se) péter la gueule are more diverse. Depending on the context, the lexeme can mean also to fall, to have one's head blown off/be killed, to sleep with someone, to cheat, or to slip. The research results could be used further particularly in sociolinguistics as well as in sociolinguistic studies and the analysis of digital discourse.

El tratamiento de las paremias en la traducción italiana de Los perros duros no bailan de Arturo Pérez-Reverte

Author(s): Maria Antonella Sardelli / Language(s): Spanish Issue: 1/2024

This paper deals with the treatment of paremias in the Italian translation of Arturo Pérez-Reverte's Los perros duros no bailan (Hard dogs don't dance). All the paremias found in the Italian translation were extracted and compared with the forms present in the source text. Then a reflection on the paremiological correspondences in Italian was carried out on the basis of the extrinsic analysis of the paremias, with special attention to the functions that some of the sententious utterances play in the text and to the presence of de-automatised paremias. The comparison of the source text and the target text with regard to the paremias under study led to the identification of four literal correspondences, one conceptual correspondence, and five literal translations. In addition, eight deautomatised paremias (including four in Latin) and two pseudo-paremias were detected. The result is a TT that may well be exemplary of the multitude of techniques and strategies that can be applied in phraseological and paremiological translation. Literal and conceptual correspondences, which, in principle, are not so difficult to locate when working with related languages, do not always constitute the best equivalence of a sententious utterance inserted in a literary text.

Análisis de las paremias de carácter popular en La colmena de Camilo José Cela

Author(s): Julia Sevilla Muñoz / Language(s): Spanish Issue: 1/2024

Paremias or short sententious statements appear in both spoken and written discourse, especially in literary texts. Therefore, this text typology is one of the main sources for the study of these units. This research presents a methodological proposal for the study of paremias in literary contexts, focusing on the complex nature of these linguistic units. The application of various criteria (linguistic, chronological, and literary) leads the author to choose as the object of study a novel written in Spanish by Camilo José Cela in the mid-20th century, La colmena (The Hive). This research will make it possible to find out the paremias selected by Cela and the paremic categories in which they are framed, as well as the characters who used them, the formulas for their insertion, and the function they fulfil. The results obtained will allow the language used by Camilo José Cela in La colmena to be analysed in depth. In the conclusions, the usefulness of the methodology that is applied will firstly be verified to carry out an analysis of paremias in written discourse, more specifically in literary discourse, and secondly to verify whether the use of paremias serves to mark the tendency towards a realist narrative, as Cela intends in this novel.

Лексикографические параметры словаря косметики и косметологии

Author(s): Irena Petrova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2022

Nominative processes in the field of terminologies attract close attention of researchers. At the present time, the issues of the ordered sectoral terminological arrays are especially relevant. The article presents a thematic classification of terms of cosmetology and cosmetics according to the conceptual-thematic principle based on the variety of semantic connections of terms and concepts of this field. The proposed concept of the terminological dictionary of the language of cosmetology and cosmetics, the methodological expediency of the composition of the terminological thematic dictionary-syllabus of cosmetology and cosmetics, the questions of the formation of the professional terminological vocabulary of cosmetology and cosmetics, lexicographic aspects of the terminology of cosmetology and cosmetics, the main features and criteria for the selection of the dictionary in a separate type, initial positions ; macrostructure and microstructure of the terminological thematic dictionary-syllabus cosmetology and cosmetics.

„Bürger“ jako měšťan, poddaný, občan, člověk, či vlastenec? Politická subjektivita v zrcadle dějin pojmů

Author(s): Václav Smyčka / Language(s): Czech Issue: 01/2023

This paper deals with the conceptual history of citizenship in early modern Czech and German culture and language. It documents the ambiguity in the meanings of “Bürger” and “mešťan” as “burgher” and “citizen” in Czech and German throughout the 18th century and its consequences for the translation of these concepts until today. It then describes the beginnings of the differentiation of these meanings in Czech during the first half of the 19th century. By showing this dynamic development, the paper challenges the hypothesis that the difference of the meanings in contemporary Czech and German is based on an essential difference between the two cultures.

Kvantitativněonomastická analýza Haškova Švejka a jeho tří parafrází

Author(s): Jaroslav David,Michal Místecký,Jana Davidová Glogarová / Language(s): Czech Issue: 3/2024

This paper is a quantitative onomastic analysis of four works featuring the literary figure of Švejk. These are the original novel by Jaroslav Hašek, two retellings of the story from the period of WWII (1941 and 1945), and a 1970s–80s version by Martin Petiška, who moved the story to Czechoslovakia after the 1948 Communist coup. The analysis relies on the thematic concentration of text (with an emphasis on the role of proper nouns as thematic words) and collocation analysis of the proper noun ‘Švejk’. Its aim is twofold: first, to determine whether there are quantitatively detectable differences between the original work and its paraphrases concerning the use of proper names; and second, to determine whether there is a difference between the paraphrases and the original as regards the literary figure of Švejk. The analysis shows that the paraphrases reduce the text-type richness of the original, while maintaining Švejk as the protagonist. The paraphrases employ a popular interpretation of the main character (Švejk as a “smart idiot”), leaving aside other aspects of Hašek’s multi-layered novel. Partial shifts in the portrayal of the main character are related to his intellectualization or increased emotionality.

K pravopisu složených přídavných jmen sémantickosyntaktický a formálněsyntaktický

Author(s): Josef Štěpán / Language(s): Czech Issue: 3/2024

This paper addresses the spelling of the Czech terms sémantickosyntaktický ‘semantic-syntactic’ and formálněsyntaktický ‘formal-syntactic’ against the background of the development of syntactic description in Czech and consists of two parts. (1) The term syntaktickosémantický in syntactic semantics of a simple sentence, which emerged as a scientific discipline only after lexical semantics, is dealt with. This branch of linguistics employs the term formálněsyntaktický for constituent dependence in simple sentences and for denoting (formal-syntactic) relationships called hypotaxis and parataxis in complex sentences. (2) In the description of complex sentences proposed by Štěpán (2013b), the term formálněsyntaktický (from formální syntax) is used to describe the behaviour of subordinators and coordinators, and the term sémantickosyntaktický (from sémantická syntax) for relationships of determination, coordination, parenthesis, apposition, and comparison. In these compound adjectives, their components are written together in Czech without a hyphen in accordance with spelling rules.

Ассоциативные колоративы-композиты в современном русском языке

Author(s): Irina V. Elyntseva / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2021

The article is devoted to associative composite color names in the modern Russian language (on the material of the National Corps of the Russian Language). The constituent components of these lexemes are perfomed of colorative adjectives (their stems), which are formed from the names of fairly common realities. They call color using associative connections with them. Being independent linguistic units, these color names are often combined with the word цвет(а) (color), which, in our opinion, is due to the style of the text. The groups of nominations are distinguished depending on the type of their components and the kind of connection between them. The conclusion is made that coloratives of this category are in demand by native speakers of the Russian language and are widely used in speech practice.

Словник болгарской специальной лексики в области транспортно-экспедиционной деятельности – проблемы составления

Author(s): Nina Dimitrova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2021

The paper focuses on some problems of compiling a word list of Bulgarian specialized vocabulary as part of the work on the Russian-Bulgarian dictionary of freight forwarding terms. The stages of the work are presented – the identification of main and additional sources, the specialized vocabulary items selection from the sources of the sphere of usage, the addition of the compiled vocabulary word list from the sources of the sphere of fixation, the stratification of the selected specialized vocabulary items and the decision on inclusion or non-inclusion of each of them in the word list, the use in compiling the Bulgarian word list of the classification by thematic groups developed during the study of Russian specialized vocabulary.

Редактор регионального издания как сетевой критик медиатекста

Author(s): Tatyana Romantsova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2021

The article examines the problematic and thematic differences between the publications of editors of the regional media on the group and personal pages of Facebook, describes the difference in rhetorical models while building communication in a social network, identifies the main communicative and speech problems of domestic media, submitted for public discussion.

Inkluzivní vyjadřování v češtině. Metodická doporučení

Author(s): Jana Valdrová / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2024

The document titled provides methodological recommendations for inclusive language use in Czech. It emphasizes the importance of addressing and referring to individuals politely and inclusively in both internal and external communications within organizations, businesses, and EU workplaces. The methodology is based on research from German, English, and four Slavic languages over the past thirty years, highlighting the negative impact of generically used masculine forms, which marginalize women and ignore non-binary individuals. The document suggests using gender-neutral or inclusive forms, especially in job advertisements, to encourage more women and non-binary people to apply. It also addresses gender stereotypes, the protection of names, and the use of non-binary language. The recommendations aim to support social changes and promote gender equality in the Czech language. The document includes practical examples and alternatives for common phrases and terms, advocating for a balanced representation of all genders in communication.

Продуктивные словообразовательные модели подъязыка сферы косметологии и косметики

Author(s): Irena Petrova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2020

Analysis of the language of science and technology is an actual scientific direction in modern linguistics. Word formation processes in the field of terminology are the object of a large number of linguistic studies on various term systems based on different languages. The article analyzes the sources and methods of formation of terminological vocabulary of the Russian language in the field of cosmetology and cosmetics, considers the productive word-formation models of terms in this area, which are not sufficiently covered in the linguistic literature today.

Рецензия на монография: Надежда Делева. Русско-болгарские аналоги (лексикографический аспект)

Author(s): Elena Stoyanova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2020