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This paper is concerned with the communicative approach in learning a foreign language including the problems that followed the empirical appliciation of this approach, especially in the domain of learning English as a foreign language, as well as the attempts to identify and overcome its limitations. The analytical aspect of learning has been given the central attention here, which is why the theoretical review is followed by considering the justification and necessity of its inlusion using the Headway coursebooks as an example. The analysis has covered three particular levels of learning mirrored in the titles: Headway Intermediate, Headway Upper-intermediate and Headway Advanced, which corresponds with the standardised levels from B1 to C1 in Europe. Our discussion is concentrated primarily on teaching English as a second language at the university level, so the analytical approach is looked upon mainly in the context of teaching students at different departments of philology. But the implications of using this model reach much further than university teaching as Headway coursebooks have been used both in private and state schools throughout Serbia, as well as around the world. A very consistent insistence on using the analytical approach is a special characteristic of these coursebooks and certainly something that sets them apart from many other similar coursebooks available on the market. The pedagogical and methodological aspects of this approach are such that leave space to the teacher to make use of the advantages of occasional contrastive analysis with the two languages – English and the native language of the student (and/or the first foreign language) – drawing attention to those areas of English which have proved most difficult regardless of what particular native language the student speaks. This is why the analytical approach has shown to be of such crucial importance as well as encouraging the student to see that acquiring language skills is neccesarily related to how well he understands the inner logic and mechanisms of the language itself. Last but not least, it gives the student a possibility to see learning as a meaningful process – one in which this competence has proved to be a neccesary and an extremely significant aspect.
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This article gives some examples of students’ systematic semi-autonomous work in the multimedia master’s seminar, which enhances their language competencies as well as strictly technical skills. The theoretical background, based on the results of research carried out by the author in 2005–2019, demonstrates how knowledge of learners’ first and second languages is advantageous during the acquisition of a third language. Seeing that this process is individual (every learner has his or her different “linguistic biography”), it is difficult take this fact into account in the course books. E-learning courses, which allow students to work in semi-autonomy, become helpful in this situation. Accommodating the needs of bi and trilingual students, prospective foreign-language teachers and translators create their own multimedia resources that fill gaps in the didactic offerings. Moreover, the unusual forms of learning by teaching (LdL – from the German phrase Lernen durch Lehren) improve the quality of the learning process, helping students achieve the desired language and communication skills.
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Reading and understanding authentic research is a fundamental skill in preparing MA students for writing academic essays, exam papers and MA theses. However, if they have not mastered the simpler skills of summarising, less demanding in terms of content and structure texts, it would be more difficult for them to work with academic discourse characterised by higher information density and complex reasoning and argumentation. The paper deals with some problems MA students experience in understanding academic research articles in English and summarising their main points. The analysis of students’ summaries reveals problems related to differentiating between essential and less significant information, making sense of empirical data, understanding author’s ideas and implications. Students experienced difficulties in referencing, paraphrasing, reformulating and reducing the text in the summary. The findings of the study could be used for improving instruction to target identified issues.
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The present research focuses on the practical aspects of teaching dynamic and stative verbs and suggests some pedagogical implications that could help language teachers build up effective methods to improve learners’ competence in studying these verbs. The study uses descriptive qualitative and quantitative analysis to analyse learners’ most common errors and deviations in the usage of specific stative verbs. The findings show that errors frequently appear in the choice of defining verbs that can be used as stative and dynamic, depending on the context they appear in the groups of verbs of appearance; verbs, describing mental processes and verbs of senses. L1 interference and overgeneralization are the two most common sources of errors. The findings outlined in the paper can make the comprehension of the linguistic realisations of dynamic and stative verbs easier to master.
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This article is devoted to symbolic violence occurring in the international protection procedure. The study focuses on the stages of the procedure in which the asylum-seeker is granted a chance to speak for themselves, and yet is unable to represent their case effectively due to sociocultural differences. As a result, even if their life situation qualifies them for refugee status, migration offices and courts are likely to issue a negative decision. Cases in which the failure to represent oneself results from sociocultural differences are described in the article as instances of symbolic violence. Following Dell Hymes and Katrijn Maryns, I stress the role of language-related inequality. I also employ Harold Garfinkel’s concept of degradation ceremonies in order to describe the ritual aspect of language use in statements of grounds for refusal of applications for international protection. The article is based on empirical research including a case study of an asylum-seeker family who applied for protection in Poland in the 2010s, participant observation in a free legal support centre run by a Warsaw-based NGO, and qualitative interviews with activists supporting refugees as their representatives and legal advisors.
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Orthodox terminology in the Polish language is a topic that is rarely addressed by linguists since it concerns a lexis that remains on the periphery of lexical resources. However, since the end of the 20th century, progress has been made. The need to organize the vocabulary and establish spelling rules is increasingly visible, since several variants of the same term appear in texts relating to Orthodoxy, e.g.: ektenia – ektenija, nabiedrennik – nabiedrenik, riza – ryza, etc. Attempts to standardize the spelling of Orthodox terminology commenced with the pioneering work published in 2016: J. Kostiuczuk, J. Tofiluk, M. Ławreszuk, W. Misijuk, J. Charkiewicz, Specyfika polskiej terminologii prawosławnej. Koncepcja normatywizacji pisowni [The Specific Nature of Polish Orthodox Terminology. A Concept of Standardizing Spelling], (Białystok). In this article, some issues associated with the function of terms borrowed from Church Slavonic in the Polish language are addressed and proposals regarding their transcription are made. These proposals are a contribution to a comprehensive elaboration of the principles of the model orthography of borrowed terms from Church Slavonic accepted in a research project conducted by a team of academics entitled Słownik polskiej terminologii prawosławnej [Dictionary of Polish Orthodox Terminology] (project number 0083/NPRH5/H11/84/2017).
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The paper analyses dialectal features of the collection of poems for children Od malečko do golemo by Slavka Vojinović Masončić. The collection was published in Niš in 2018, and it represents one of rare examples of literature for children written in a dialect. This collection has caught the public’s attention through social networks, primarily because of the poem “Nole, tatko na tenis”. The subject matter of the majority of poems refers to childhood, children’s joys and tricks. The poems have incited a significant interest with readers, primarily due to the Prizren-South Morava dialect. The aim of this paper is to describe phonetic, morphological, syntactic and lexical characteristics of the poems, to compare the determined linguistic image with the dialectal descriptions of the vernacular language of the city of Niš, and, therefore, to link the language of the poems to the subject matter, which should lead to the conclusions about the stylistic function of dialects in a literary work.
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The problem of creating a fully automated specific-domain thesaurus is very topical. The paper presents a novel method to address this problem in the Italian language. The main feature of this approach is the integration of different methods: machine learning classification methods working on the semantic representation of candidate terms, word embed-dings models, able to capture the semantics of words, and a computation of the degree of specialization of a term. The work is in progress and results obtained so far are promising.
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Speech to Text is the ability to convert spoken word to text. There are many speech to text conversion applications available for different languages. Tamil is an ancient classical language which is vastly spoken in southern parts of India, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, and Singapore. The speech to text application is de-signed from an indigenous perspective to enable the native speakers to preserve their linguistic heritage. The application was developed using agile methodology and the testing of the application suggested that the existing API do not support in the notion of preserving the language in its original form.
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The article’s theme concerns challenges encountered in the 21st century in the course of language communicative education within the scope of Polish as a native language. The author expresses conviction that socialisation process does not substitute for education, and therefore one of the paramount purposes/aims of language education within the scope of native language is to cater to the language-communicative needs of students stemming from cultural transformation taking place in the contemporary world. New tasks that a Polish language teacher needs to face are developing the so-called new communicative competency which facilitates communicative acts in media-dominated world of today, including digital media. The said tasks also involve counteracting the lowering of verbal communication standards, particularly the cases of verbal aggression and primitive vocabulary.
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The author of the article defines school communicative situation as the one requiring from the student an ability to use specialised language known as the language of school education. According to regulations currently in force, improving the fluency in the said language is a task of teachers of all school subject because knowing it is one of the conditions of attaining educational success. The article presents a proposal to work on a summary that includes the determinants of school education language.
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Review of: Vujčić, Nikola (2019), Das Konzept Jugoslawien in SPIEGEL-Artikeln: Bildung und Wandel - Eine bennenungsfokussierte Diskursanalyse, Hamburg: Verlag Dr. Kovač.
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The study presents research showing the possibilities of making the mother tongue/ native language available to children whose parents do not know Polish or have minimal knowledge of it. The research was conducted on the basis of the dynamics of development of the Polish School in Portland in the years 2011—2013. Using questionnaires, a survey, community interview, and questions in an interview, comprehensive information was collected from parents, students and teachers. The information concerned, among others, the following issues: the demographic outline and cultural affiliation of parents, the level of knowledge of the Polish language by parents, as well as parents’, teachers’ and students’ beliefs about maintaining the Polish language. On the basis of the results and conclusions from the research, the author tries to indicate ways to improve the educational situation of Polonia children.
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The article discusses the contribution of native language teachers to scientific research and educational activities in the 60 years of existence of the Chair of Linguistic Didactics and Polish Literature. Circles of research work are presented, which have been constantly expanded with new issues in connection with cultural, civilization and educational transformations. The results of the research are synthetically discussed — the theories and linguistic methodologies used by the researchers are taken into account. Also, the theoretical and practical significance of publications in the field of language skills, spelling competence of students, word culture and didactic communication as well as the function and language of school textbooks have been outlined. The achievements of educators, which are directly applicable in education, have not been omitted either, e.g. sets of exercises for students, tutorials for teachers.
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The aim of this paper is to present the way in which the positive law forms the author’s speech and points to the possibility of the untypical creation of a new speech genre or subgenre. The research of interaction between normative and speech is limited herein to the analysis of the Courts interpretations of permissible speech. This method defines qualifying elements of authorial speech, which include content, the terminology used, and the context in which the statements were made. The specific feature of the permissible speech is threefold. Namely, in addition to (1) the building elements that amount protected speech which are distinctive as compared to that of other genres and subgenres, the specificity of this subgenre is also in (2) the appearance of a specific interaction between the state as an object of speech and its tendency to limit speech, as well as the involvement of legal instruments for protection of the freedom of speech, and (3) the methodology of its creation which is specific for the creation or more precisely for the unification of a law, and not for the creation of genre. In addition to these characteristics, the specificity of this subgenre is in the temporal and geographical universality of its significance.Bearing in mind that the methodology of the introduction of compulsory elements of permissible speech is non-linguistic, as well as the fact that artistic forms of ex- pression enjoy wide freedom, the protected or politically correct speech remainedunidentified as a new speech subgenre.
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Ljubica Josić: U SPOMEN, JOSIP SILIĆ (4. siječnja 1934. − 28. veljače 2019.)
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Review: Velimir Piškorec uz suradnju Sanje Janković ‒ Tomo Maretić na raskrižju filologije i jezične politike, Udruga zagrebačkih esperantista, Zagreb 2015. / Velimir Piškorec kunlabore kun Sanja Janković: Tomo Maretić en interkruciĝo filologio kaj lingva politiko, Unuiĝo de Zagrebaj Eesperantistoj, Zagreb 2015. Reviewed by Dubravka Sesar.
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This article analyses the importance of mother tongue as a barrier against the omnipresent language unitarization at the global level that will in the future result in one language dominating general communication and in the disappearance and extinction of numerous small languages. One’s mother tongue must therefore be protected, cherished, enriched, developed, studied and legally protected. And most importantly, the mother tongue must be loved; people must think, write and read in their mother tongue. This is the only way to protect it and preserve it for generations to come.
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Generally, the expression “urban culture”, through a variety of elements that set up its profile (like, for example, history, personalities, language, art, architectural style, fun or music), becomes synonymous with the culture of the elite, the intellectuals or the people of culture. In Romania, this phenomenon of urban culture is new and still in progress, with a constant balancing between preserving the local elements and connecting to the values of modernity (Stan 2010). The aim of the present paper is to highlight the manner in which the urban culture of a Romanian provincial town, Bacău, is shaped through English, in its attempt to adapt to the European values.
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