Stílusgyakorlatok internetes szövegekkel

Author(s): Ilona Szerdi / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 1/2019

Online communication is an integral part of the everyday life of the digital generation. These are common linguistic features, deviations from standard grammar, abbreviations, foreign (mainly English) linguistic elements, characteristics of spoken language, emoticons and special sentence patterns of chats and message board posts. All of them can function as a stylistic device or genre characteristics in texts written and published in the digital sphere. This study recommends stylistic exercises – bearing in mind the requirements of mother tongue education in the 5th to 9th grades of Hungarian language elementary schools in Slovakia – which are dedicated to improve digital competences and communication skills.

Střídání kódů ve výuce angličtiny u učitelů-expertů pohledem konverzační analýzy

Author(s): František Tůma / Language(s): Czech / Issue: 4/2017

The present study addresses the phenomenon of code-switching in English as a foreign language (EFL) classrooms. Theoretically and methodologically, the study builds on Auer’s sequential approach to code-switching, which employs ethnomethodological conversation analysis and views instances of code-switching as potential contextualization cues. The aim of the presented analysis was to uncover how the teachers and pupils used code-switching as a contextualization cue in frontal teaching. The data comprised 13 video-recordings of EFL classes in grades 6–9 conducted in Czech schools. The participants were 13 expert teachers and their pupils (aged 11–15 years). The analysis shows that the participants used code-switching (1) to engage in asides, (2) to conduct repair work and (3) to check understanding and emphasize what was said. The outcomes reveal some aspects of expert performance in teaching English as a foreign language.

Stylizacja potoczna w powieści kryminalnej Tomasza Jamrozińskiego "Schodząc ze ścieżki"

Author(s): Violetta Jaros / Language(s): Polish / Issue: X/2014

The subject of this paper is to discuss colloquial stylisation in T. Jamroziński’s crime fiction "Schodząc ze ścieżki". The analysis lets us praise the efficiency of linguistic stylisation consisting of common vocabulary and common phraseology together with a huge input of the lowest register of this variation; dialectical, regional and environmental borrowings; appropriate addressative and polite forms (informal anthroponyms, typical appellative expressions and terms), indefinite pronouns, rhymes and paralanguage elements enables writers to create the authenticity of the presented world.

STYLOTWÓRCZE FUNKCJE SKŁADNIKÓW SYSTEMU PROZODYJNEGO: AKCENTU, INTONACJI I PAUZY

Author(s): Hubert Olborski / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 02/2019

The aim of this paper is to discuss the influence of delimiting functions of prosodic system components on the creation of a style of expression. I expanded Adam Kulawik’s theoretical concepts in the study. The scholar classifies them into the sphere of stylistic choices, where mainly the prosodic character of expression is determined: scansion, prose or verse. I call the superiority of one factor in the division of the stream of speech over others the assumption of the style-forming primary function. The remaining factors assume then the style-forming secondary functions. The use of stress in the position of the styleforming primary function gives rise to scansion. The use of intonation in the position of the style-forming primary function leads to prose. The use of pause in the position of the style-forming primary function contributes to verse. When working on the paper, I employed the method of analysing and criticising the relevant literature in order to reveal gaps in the existing state of knowledge of style-forming functions of prosodic system components.

Suaugusio lietuvio gimtosios kalbos žodyno dydis

Author(s): Krolina Andriuškevičiūtė,Loreta Vilkienė / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 12/2019

This paper aims to answer the question about the vocabulary size of an adult native speaker of the Lithuanian language and to check which sociolinguistic factors have a significant impact on the size of the vocabulary. The material for this study consists of 132 responses given to a sociolinguistic survey and a vocabulary size test. The data was analysed using the statistical RStudio program. T-test and regression analysis were also applied in the research. Participants of the study were divided into two age groups (the younger and the older) as the adult age range is very broad. In total, the younger group consisted of 68 participants: 31 females and 37 males.The average age of this group is about 22. The older group consisted of 64 participants: 30 females and 34 males. The average age of this group is about 49.The study has revealed that the vocabulary of a younger native speaker (about 22 years old) is about 57,490 words and that the vocabulary size varies between 42,021 and 72,703 words. It has been found that the vocabulary of an older native speaker (about 49 years old) is about 60,770 and that the vocabulary size varies between 46,690 and 76,705 words. Regression analysis data shows that such factors as education, knowledge of foreign languages and reading fiction have a significant impact on the size of vocabulary. The study has also revealed that the size of the vocabulary is significantly larger for participants with a Master’s degree. Furthermore, the vocabulary size is larger for those individuals who know several languages which may not necessarily share any vocabulary with the Lithuanian language. Regression analysis data also indicates that reading fiction can significantly influence the size of vocabulary and that the vocabulary is larger for those participants who read sometimes, often or daily. It must be noted that the sample of participants in this study is relatively small, so all the findings and insights need to be verified by expanding the study groups.

Subversive Holiness and the Building of a Christian Community in Cynewulf’s Juliana

Author(s): Jacek Olesiejko / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2019

Success Rates in Most-frequent-word-based Authorship Attribution. A Case Study of 1000 Polish Novels from Ignacy Krasicki to Jerzy Pilch

Author(s): Jan Rybicki / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2015

The success rate of authorship attribution by multivariate analysis of most-frequent-word frequencies is studied in a 1000-novel corpus of Polish literary works from the late 18th to the early 21st century. The results are examined for possible influences of the number of authors and/or the number of texts to be attributed. Also, the success rates achieved in this study are compared to those obtained in earlier studies for smaller corpora, too small perhaps to produce regular patterns. This study shows that text sets of this size confirm the intuitive predictions as to those influences: 1) the more authors, the less successful attribution; 2) for the same number of authors, the number of texts to be attributed does not influence success rate.

SUGESTIVNA SREDSTVA INTERVJUA

Author(s): Jovana Jokanović / Language(s): Bosnian / Issue: 1/2018

Interview is one of the most frequently used journalistic genres, regardless of the type of media. The main advantages of the interview compared to other journalistic genres are: persuasiveness, authenticity and credibility, dynamics and extremely high degree of communicativeness. However, the interview never complies with robust rules, nor well-known patterns. In most cases, it depends more on the interviewer than interviewee. The interview depends on imagination, courage, the type of intelligence and culture, in short – on the personality of the journalist who conducts this interview. Precisely this presents the greatest danger when it comes to this method of collecting data – improper interviewing. Namely, the trends of contemporary journalism suggest that, despite declarative advocacy for dialogue, there is an increasingly less essential conversation that implies an authentic circular flow of words. The lack of professionalism and the neglect of the ethical dimension raises the authoritative awareness of the unrepeatability of the journalistic Ego. Often the biased position of journalists causes neglect of social benefits. The essential conversation is then hard to achieve. A journalist often steers the conversation, directing the questions and answers toward the desired partial goal. Additionally, a large number of interviews in newspapers, on the radio, television and Internet are not live broadcasted, but are edited before release. Thus, both parties have room for corrections. In particular, newspaper and internet interviews can be shortened and modified so that the original version hardly ever reaches the reader. The reader is oftentimes offered a revised version, which does not necessarily match the original of the interview. „Media is a must-have decor of modern political systems“ – the conclusion of an increasing number of media educators. Perhaps in this gap, in the models of different composition of conversations, the most prominent dilemmas of contemporary journalism are born.

Suhtlusruum ja selle modelleerimine

Author(s): Mare Koit,Haldur Õim / Language(s): Estonian / Issue: 12/2016

Communication between people can take various forms depending on a lot of circumstances – participants’ individual characteristics, their social roles, subject of conversation, etc. The paper introduces a work in progress on modelling one aspect of natural human communication – communicative space. Communicative space is a mental space where a communication participant places himself/herself with respect to other ones and where (s)he is ‘moving’ during a communication event. Communicative space can be characterized by different features, e.g., (social) closeness of a communication participant with the partner, collaboration, politeness, etc. These features of communication can be conveyed by language use as well as by different nonverbal means (body movement, facial expressions, etc.). The values +1, 0, and –1 are used for the coordinates in communicative space. Examples of human-human dialogues – both everyday and institutional – demonstrate how participants pass different points in communicative space during a conversation. The further aim is to include such a model of communicative space in an experimental system for modelling conversational agents in order to make interaction with the system more human-like.

Sukienka w kolorze zmrożonego sorbetu mango – czyli kilka słów o barwach na blogu modowym Macademian Girl

Author(s): Daria Zarzeczna / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 16/2017

The purpose of the article is the analysis and interpretation of the non-basic colour names, excerpted from 91 posts published on the fashion blog by Macademian Girl, i. e. Tamara Gonzalez Perea, from 3rd January 2015 to 9th June 2016. The classification of the research material was made based on the division of the semantic sources of the non-basic names of colours proposed by Ryszard Tokarski, supplemented with the other types of motivation, revealed during the analysis. The material excerpted for analysis comprised together 117 lexemes used by the author in 322 text realisations. The analysed linguistic units included the single lexemes, analytic constructions, and the descriptive structures expressed most frequently in the form of comparisons. The performed analysis demonstrated that Tamara Gonzalez Perea displays a remarkable sensitivity to colours. She perceives slight differences in colour schemes and saturation, pays attention to nuances, distinguishes subtle hues, and matches colours with excellent expertise. The interpretation of the excerpted material has shown that all the description techniques used by the author to depict the particular fashion creations in which the proper defining of colour is of primary importance, are intended to convince the readers that the style presented by the blogger is worth imitating, smart, and fashionable. Macademian Girl deliberately and consciously takes advantage of the possibilities offered by language, as a result of which it is the verbal description – and not the photography – that begins to play a crucial role.

Sulla declinazione dei cognomi italiani in polacco

Author(s): Daniel Słapek / Language(s): Italian / Issue: 1/2019

Polish inflexional morphology, with its rich inventory of rules relating to noun declension, also involves surnames of foreign origin. Generally, these surnames should be inflected just as Polish common names or adjectives are, depending on the inflexional paradigm to which they belong. However, the declension of foreign nouns involves various complications of phonetic, orthographic, and, most of all, inflexional natures, not only because of a relatively high number of rules governing the Polish morphological system, but also because some of these rules have not yet been determined in a definitive manner and the declension itself, in some cases, is optional. For this reason, speakers of Polish, to avoid inflecting a given surname, often prefer to adopt various editorial strategies, so to speak; in their texts, however, we can still find numerous incorrect inflexional forms and inconsistent or outright wrong inflexional strategies. With this article, then, I intend to expose the detailed rules relating to the declension of Italian surnames in Polish and analyse the occurrences of these surnames in Polish texts that have appeared in Italica Wratislaviensia.

SULLE PECULIARITÀ DEL LINGUAGGIO ECONOMICO ITALIANO

Author(s): Irena Lama,Mirela Papa / Language(s): Italian / Issue: 5/2011

Dans cet articlenous allons discuter deslangues spécialiséeset plus particulièrement de la langue technique de l'économie.Dans une société deplus en plus complexe on devient très important la sectorisationdu travail. Cela implique l’importance de l'enseignement et de l'apprentissage des languessectorielles. Dans cet article,après la définition d’un langage spécial, nous allons examiner les principales caractéristiques dela langue del'économie.La langue del'économie est unelangue avecun moindre degré detecnification. Cependant, le langage de l'économiea ses particularitésdans le lexique, la syntaxe et le niveau textuel. Ces caractéristiquesdoivent bien entenduêtre appris parl'- étudiantou toute les personne quion l’intention d'exploiterdans ce domaine.

Superare le difficoltà nel riconoscimento del soggetto nella lingua italiana

Author(s): Marcella Banfi,Valeria Ettori,Alice Ongaro / Language(s): Italian / Issue: 2/2018

Identifying the subject in a sentence, especially if the subject is not obvious, is difficult for secondary-school students. The apparent simplicity of this topic might cause one to consider it lightly; however, it should be considered generative for textual comprehension, for the production of cohesive and coherent texts, and for moving from parataxis to hypotaxis. Traditional grammar equates the syntactic notion of subject with the semantic notion of agent and with the communicative notion of topic, giving rise to possible misunderstandings.The present article offers a proposal that allows one to solve any ambiguity, developing a trajectory with two phases. Firstly, by using a functional criterion within the language (i.e., going from the singular to the plural of the sentence terms), students can correctly identify the subject. Secondly, through a semantic analysis carried out in competence-heterogeneous groups, students inductively comprehend the complexity of the function of “subject”, thereby linking the semantic criterion with the syntactic one.This analysis, only initially teacher-led, fosters learning by discovery, which brings students to an active, inclusively realised construction of knowledge, and it allows each student to work within their zone of proximal development. This method overcomes traditional “normative” grammar and enhances the student’s centrality: students are not given a ready-made description, but, rather, they are encouraged to build one by actively acting upon on the language.

SUR L’EVALUATION ET L’AUTO-EVALUATION DANS LA PERSPECTIVE DU CADRE EUROPEEN COMMUN DE REFERENCE ET DU PORTFOLIO EUROPEEN DES LANGUES

Author(s): Janetta DRĂGHICESCU / Language(s): French / Issue: 4/2001

Les remarques portants sur l’évaluation et l’auto-évaluation dans la perspectivedes deux documents élaborés par le Comité de l’Education du Conseil de la CoopérationCulturelle du Conseil de l’Europe permettent de conclure que l’apprentissage/enseignement des langues est un des problèmes prioritaires des décideurs et qu’il l’estdéjà ou doit le devenir aussi pour tous les citoyens de l’Europe communautaire. Destâches importantes et relativement bien définies incombent, d’une part, à toutes lesinstitutions et autorités chargées de l’éducation, qu’il s’agisse de la formation initiale oucontinue et, d’autre part, aux apprenants eux-mêmes. Les deux documents semblent s’être partagé les deux aspects de la problématique: le C.E.C.R offre le cadre de référencerelativement exhaustif pour aider les praticiens (apprenants , enseignants, concepteurs deprogrammes et auteurs, spécialistes de l’évaluation, administrateurs, employeurs, etc. ) àsituer et à exercer leurs choix et à s’informer mutuellement de manière transparente etcohérente; le Portfolio, orienté principalement vers l’apprenant, offre à celui-ci le cadrede construire sa / ses compétences en langue(s) étangère(s) en réunissant au fil des ans etprésentant de manière systématique ses qualifications, résultats et expériences dansl’apprentissage des langues

Sur la nature et l’artefact (neuf fragments tisses). Hommage a Francisco Infante

Author(s): Michel Constantini / Language(s): French / Issue: 1/2018

This article follows our several previous studies in Russian art of the XXth century. It is dedicated to Francisco Infante-Arana (born 1943), Russian painter of Spanish origin, creator of a “new artistic language” (State Prize of the Russian Federation, 1996), author of an original theory of art developed since 1976 and named the “concept of artifact”. If the spiritual continuity between the work of Francisco Infante and that of Kazimir Malevich has already been established for a long time as a commonplace in contemporary art studies (just remember the title of a series of works by Francisco Infante, “Suprematic Games. Hommage to Malevich”, 1968, from the cycle “Spontaneous Games in Nature”), the relationship between the inventor of the concept of artifact and the founder of the abstractionism in painting, Wassily Kandinsky (1866–1944), has not yet been a subject of targeted research. In our current study, we propose to address this uneasy issue by returning to the origins of the philosophical thought, and namely to the speculations on the phenomena of art in their relation to the phenomena of nature. This approach seems justified insofar as the abstractionism radically challenges the very foundations of art, reposing, since ancient times, on the primacy of mimesis, and rebuild this ruined aesthetic system, paradoxically, on the principles which, having been scrutinized more closely, seem not to lack some affinity with the worldview of the first “philosophers”, so-called Presocratics. Thus, our purpose will be to raise the first elements of the Ancient Greek thought that appear at the base of the artistic creation and theoretical representations of Francisco Infante.

Sur les questions alternatives

Author(s): Swietłana Niewzorowa / Language(s): French / Issue: 30/2018

The paper examines an alternative question as a special type of an interrogative sentence. The alternative question is considered as an integral syntactic unit with a number of specific features. The main goal is to determine the place of the alternative question in the syntactic system of the French language, and also to analyze various structural and semantic models of this syntactic unit.

SUR QUELQUES TYPES DE MÉTAPHORES DANS LE DISCOURS ÉCONOMIQUE

Author(s): Marinella Coman / Language(s): French / Issue: 1/2018

This article aims to identify and analyze the metaphors in the business discourse because the metaphorical model is a productive means of representing the most relevant development of economic concepts. The study of metaphors is a particularly interesting subject and our attention will be focused on the metaphorical expressions of the three levels of the business discourse: the scientific business discourse, professional and lay business discourse. Metaphorical conceptualization is a fundamental process of thinking, widely implemented in scientific modeling, including the business discourse. Metaphor allows two disconnected universes to find points of convergence in order to maximize communication within the business discourse.

SUTARČIŲ TEISĖS TERMINŲ GRETINAMOJI SEMANTINĖ ANALIZĖ UŽSIENIO KALBOS SPECIALIESIEMS TIKSLAMS STUDIJOSE

Author(s): Kristina Juodinytė-Kuznetsova / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 7/2015

The article is intended to present possibilities of using contrastive terminology analysis in teaching a foreign language, particularly concentrating on legal terminology and contract law. This paper has several aims. Firstly, it intends to overview foreign language teaching possibilities paying special attention to the method of contrastive semantic analysis and possible ways to involve corpus linguistics into the teaching/learning process. Secondly, it seeks to define specifics of legal terminology and contextual differences in Lithuanian, English and German contract law. Thirdly, the focus is also on semantic equivalence between lexical items of different languages. Fourthly, it presents a possible semantic analysis of very basic but at the same time quite complicated contract law terms in the EU languages. Three European languages (Lithuanian, English and German) that are widely used in commerce, logistics, administration and diplomacy are chosen for the analysis. The combination of the contrastive method and analysis of legal context of the chosen languages may reveal the different aspects of the terms. Theoretical frameworks and practical analysis presented in the article could be of great interest for LSP learners, terminologists, translators, teachers and dictionary compilers. Šiuo straipsniu siekiama parodyti, kaip galima gretinamąją terminologijos analizę pritaikyti mokantis užsienio kalbos specialiesiems tikslams. Straipsnis turi keletą tikslų. Pirma, juo ketinama apžvelgti užsienio kalbų mokymo strategijas, ypatingą dėmesį atkreipiant į gretinamąją semantinę analizę ir tekstynų lingvistiką, ją įtraukiant į mokymo(si) procesą. Antra, siekiama nustatyti specifinius teisės terminijos ir konteksto skirtumus lietuvių, anglų ir vokiečių sutarčių teisėje. Trečia, aptariamas skirtingų kalbų semantinis ekvivalentiškumas. Ketvirta, pateikiama keleto sutarčių teisės terminų semantinė analizė. Analizei pasirinktos trys Europos kalbos – lietuvių, anglų ir vokiečių. Šios kalbos plačiai vartojamos prekybos, logistikos, administravimo ir diplomatijos srityse. Gretinamoji semantinė analizė gali atlikti svarbų vaidmenį užsienio kalbų specialiems tikslams mokymo ir mokymosi procese. Užsienio kalbų terminijos gretinimas su gimtosios kalbos terminija leidžia geriau suprasti terminų semantiką ir terminus vartoti teisingai. Gretinamoji terminų analizė suteikia daug svarbios informacijos terminologijos kūrėjams ir vartotojams, taip pat vertėjams bei žodynų sudarytojams.

Svetimžodžio brendas reikšmės, vediniai, atitikmenys

Author(s): Rasuolė Vladarskienė / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 23/2016

The loan-word brendas (brand) originating from English is not included in dictionaries either of Modern Lithuanian or international words. It is possible to find its definitions only in databases on the internet or in internet vocabulary. There are no clear recommendations about the usage of this loan-word, so it seems that the competition between brendas and its Lithuanian equivalents is being allowed to take its natural course. As its usage shows, the most precise explanation of the meanings of this word is given in the internet vocabulary Jaunimo žodynas. The loan-word brendas, its derivatives and related words are widely used in the specific language and spoken language of specialists and in the environment of university studies. It can be found in descriptions of subjects of teaching and lectures as well as in written works of students, although in the edited language of science it is rare. In standardized language (as well as in the language of official documents) loan-words are not used, they are substituted with Lithuanian equivalents.

Světla Čmejrková, Martin Havlík, Jana Hoffmannová, Olga Müllerová, Jiří Zeman: Styl mediálních dialogů.

Author(s): Lucie Jílková / Language(s): Czech / Issue: 2/2014

review of: Světla Čmejrková, Martin Havlík, Jana Hoffmannová, Olga Müllerová, Jiří Zeman: Styl mediálních dialogů. Praha: Academia, 2013, 314 pp. ISBN 978-80-200-2267-7